1、句子成分与结构,高考英语总复习：,英语的词性：,名词(n.) 动词(v.) 代词(pron.) 形容词(adj. ) 副词(adv.),数词(num.) 冠词(art.) 介词(prep.) 连词(conj.) 感叹词(int.),英语的十大词性及其在句子中的作用：1. Nouns (n.) 名词：-主语(S)，宾语(O)，表语(P)等2. Verbs (v.) 动词 -谓语(V) （ vt. 及物动词 / vi. 不及物动词）3. Pronouns （pron.) 代词：-主语，宾语，表语等e.g. Kate has a piano.She likes it very much.,_S,_V
2、,_O,_S,_V,_ O,4. Adjectives (adj.) 形容词：-定语(At.) 表语 (P)e.g. The overcoat is very beautiful. This is a very beautiful overcoat. 5. Adverbs (adv.) 副词：-状语（Ad.) 6. Numerals (num.) 数词： -定语，表语，主语等e.g. 25 (desks) _(be) enough.7. Articles (art.) 冠词： 一般不单独构成句子成分,(At.),(P),is,8. Prepositions (prep.) 介词（in, at,
3、 on, )prep. +n. 介词短语-状语 (Ad.), 表语等e.g. We can see the bike under the tree. 9. Conjunctions (conj.) 连词 ( and, or, but, so)一般不构成成分，仅起连接作用10. Interjections ( interj.) 感叹词 (ah, oh, yeah)一般不构成成分，起加强语气作用,一、介绍其重要性,句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有九种：,主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、 状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。,学会判断句子成分对以后学习难句奠定了基础。英语
4、句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。,英语的句子成分：,（一）主语(subject):e.g.1) Walls have ears. 2) He will take you to the hospital. 3)Three plus four equals seven. 4)To see is to believe. 5) Smoking is not allowed in public places. 6)Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.,名词,代词,数
5、词,to do不定式,doing动名词,句子,是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。,（二）谓语(predicate)由_担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。说明主语所做的 _或_。动词有着各种时态的变化。Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.,动词/动词短语,动作,特征和状态,（三）表语(predicative)它的位置在_ 之后。是用来说明主语的
6、_,_和 _。,My father is a professor. Whos that? Its me. Everything here is expensive. The match became very exciting. The story of my life may be of help to others. Three times five is fifteen. His plan is to seek work in the city. My first idea was that you should hide your feelings.,系动词、连系动词,状态,身份,特征
7、,名词,代词,形容词,形容词,介词短语,数词,to do不定式,句子,常见的系动词有: be(am,is,are,were,was), look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound, keep,stay,become,get,grow,come,go,.,The cake tastes nice. The water feels cold. These stories sound interesting.,（四）宾语(object) 表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在_之后。_后也会跟宾语。,She covered her face with her hands.
8、We havent seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. He wants to dream a nice dream. We need know what others are doing. We should care more about our friends.,动词/动词短语,介词,名词,代词,动名词,代词和数词,to do不定式,句子,介词+名词,宾语种类：,（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）You lend me your dictionary.My mothe
9、r bought my brother a computer.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）They elected him their monitor. I find the homework difficult to finish.,直宾指物 间宾指人,（五）宾语补足语 英语有些及物动词，除了要有宾语之外，还要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。,They elected me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I shoul
10、d advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.,名词,形容词,介词短语,to do不定式,现在分词 doing,done 过去分词,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语.,宾语补足语是对宾语进行补充、说明的成分，用来说明宾语的行为、特征、状态、身份等。,主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语。,I was elected captain of the team.Our country will be made stron
11、g.,与宾语补足语一样,（六）定语(attribute)是用来修饰_词或_ 词。单个的词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之_；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之_。,They are woman workers. Toms father didnt go home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have nothing to eat. Those who
12、 want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.,名,前,后,名词,名词所有格,形容词,数词,代词 /序数词 /to do不定式,现在分词 doing,to do 不定式,从句,代,(七）状语(adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征。状语表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、伴随情况等。,The best fish swim near the bottom. I left the village five years ago. I arrived late because of the traffi
13、c jam.Well send a car to fetch you. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones.The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing.If he goes, so will I. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.,地点状语,时间状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语,条件状语,让步状语,（八）同位语：,当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分（1）用来说明和
14、解释另一个句子成分（），这个句子成分（）就叫做另一個句子成分（2）的同位语。 We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,（九）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest, I think (suppose, believe-)等，如： To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.,I met my best friend Tom at the statio
15、n yesterday., 主语, 谓 语, 定语, 宾 语, 同位语, 状 语,试一试：,(一). 指出下列句中主语的中心词 . The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(二). 选出句中谓
16、语的中心词. I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus?A. Do B. usually C. go D. by There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meet
17、ing C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast, Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. want B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B.
18、had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. book,(三) 挑出下列句中的宾语。 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? The old man sittin
19、g at the gate said that he was ill.,一个完整的句子做宾语，那么这个句子叫宾语从句。,(四) 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 。 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me? 直宾指物间宾指人,(五) 挑出下列句中的表语。 - The old man
20、was feeling very tired. - The leaves have turned yellow. - Soon They all became interested in the subject. - My dream is that I can be admitted into a key university.,一个完整的句子做表语，那么这个句子叫表语从句。,(六) 挑出下列句中的定语。 1. What is your last name? 2. I am afraid some people forgot to clean the floor. 3. The man in
21、 the gym was trying to sleep. 4.Gym is a place where you can exercise and have fun.,一个完整的句子做表语，那么这个句子叫表语从句。,(七) 挑出下列句中的状语。 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. He began to learn English when he was eleven.,一个完整的句
22、子做状语，那么这个句子叫状语从句。,(八) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语。 He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.,英语句子的类型,简单句并列句复合句,只有一个主谓结构,有两个或两个以上主谓结构,一个主句加一个或几个从句,二.五种简单基本句型,主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语,动词,系动词,不及物动词,及物动词
23、,主语+系+表语,主语+谓语,1）Our city is at the crossing of some important railways.主语 系动词 表语2）The city will become rich.主语 系动词 表语 在这类结构中最常用的系动词是：“变化”类：_.“感官”类: _.“持续”类：_. 其他： (似乎) _ _ (证明是)_,get/ become/ turn/grow/go,taste/ smell/ feel/look/sound,stay/ keep/remain,seem appear,turn out/ prove(to be),1主语 + 系动词 +
24、 表语,Exercises:,你的故事听起来很有趣。 _. 把鱼放在冰箱里，否则它会变坏的。 _. 这种炎热的天气将会保持几天。 _. 这个计划证明是可行的。 _.,Your story sounded very interesting.,Put the fish into fridge, or they will go bad.,The hot day will remain/stay/keep a few days.,The plan turned out/proved (to be) practical.,2主语 + 谓语,1）Building has started.主语 谓语 2）T
25、he train leaves at 7:40.主语 谓语搭配：The teacher teaches well.The child walks very slowly.搭配：The girl looked at the picture.The children ran to the forest.,动词副词,动词介词,Exercise,我每天起的很早，走到小花园，坐在凳子(bench)上。 小鸟在树上欢快的歌唱，鱼儿在池塘里自由的嬉戏，我玩得也高兴. _ _,Every day I get up early, walk to the park and sit on the bench.,Th
26、e birds sings happily in the tree; the fish plays freely in the pool and I also enjoy myself.,3主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,1）The boss employed five more workers.主语 谓语 宾语 2）My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. 3）Few students like taking exams. 4）He forgot to close the door. 5）I hope I can speak English fl
27、uently.,Exercise,他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。_. 他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。_. 他许诺给我一个礼物。_.,He drove so fast that he broke the traffic rules.,He took out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly.,He promised to give me a gift.,4主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,1）He has fetched us some new textbooks.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 2）Grandma cooked u
28、s a nice meal.主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语3）The man told the girl that he wants to test her the subject.4）The boy asked me if I could speak Chinese.,可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, buy, promise,顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？_. 下学期谁教你们生物？_. Mr. White告诉我为什么他要出国。_.,By the way, has she p
29、aid you money?,Who will teach you biology next term?,Mr. White told me why he went abroad.,5. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语,1) The villagers didnt allow them to do this.主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语2) I will keep the box in the shade. 3) We found him a very good pupil.4) She let me stay in the company.,Exercise:,他总是把他的卧室收拾
30、得干干净净。 _. 我建议他多读点书。 _.他修了机器。 _. 我们选他当班长。 _.,He always keeps his room clean,I suggest him reading more books.,He had his machine repaired.,We made him monitor.,Nobody went. She became a doctor. The car caught fire. I will write you a long letter. I will let him go.,并列句,用分号或并列连词把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。,用分号：
31、We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等） We fished all day, but we didnt catch a thing.,Exercise: 请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired, so he went to bed.,1. He was tired. He went to bed.,2. The child didnt go out. He was afraid of the dog.,3. He made a promise. He didnt ke
32、ep it.,He made a promise, but He didnt keep it.,The child didnt go out, because he was afraid of the dog.,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所 构成的句子,中间用从属连词连接。 主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。 从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个 主句连用，不能独立存在。 复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句,复合句,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well. She was reading a novel when I came in. She is the girl who sings best in my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,
