1、English and its historyAll through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary （）these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse people.英语及其历史有史以
2、来，在不列颠共同生活着来自许多不同国家和文化背景的人们。英语就是由这些人带来的语法和词汇构成的。那就是为何英语有这么多使人困惑的不解规则。Old EnglishOld English is very different from the English（） we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language 【】called Celtic. The
3、n two Germanic groups from the European mainlandthe Angles and the Saxonsoccupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) 古英语和现今我们说的英语完全不同。事实上，如果现在听到古
4、英语，我们会听不懂。公元 5 世纪中叶前，生活在不列颠的人都说一种叫凯尔特语的语言。然后，来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部族盎格鲁人和撒克逊人占领了不列颠。古英语是他们的语言混合而成的。 （英语及英国人都是从盎格鲁这个词而来的；Angle 这个词在古英语里拼作Engle。 ）Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European co
5、untries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England.除了像伦敦这样的地名外，极少数的凯尔特单词成了古英语的一部分。在 9 世纪末，来自北欧诸国（如丹麦和挪威）的维京人开始向不列颠移居。他们带来了他们的语言，这些语言也与古英语
6、交汇在了一起。到了十世纪，古英语已是英格兰的官方语言。When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word 【】once used by the Angles and the
7、 Saxons, while ill came from a word【】 once used by the Norwegians.现在当我们讲英语时，我们有时会对用哪些单词或短语而感到困惑。这是因为英语有着许多来自不同语言的单词和短语，这些单词和短语有着相似的意思。比如，sick-词就是来自由盎格鲁和撒克逊人曾经用过的一个词，而 ill 则来自曾经被挪威人用过的一个词。Middle EnglishMiddle English is the name 【】given to the English 【】used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries
8、. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as mush as the Angles and the S
9、axons victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. 中古英语是给大约 12 世纪到 15 世纪期间使用过的英语起的名字。在这一新型英语的发展中，许多东西起了作用。最大的贡献来自于讲法语的诺曼人，他们于 1066 年击败英格兰并控制了这个国家。然而，诺曼征服对英语的影响并不及约 600 年前盎格鲁人和撒克逊人的胜利对英语产生的影响，那场胜利导致古英语替代了凯尔特语。Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years
10、 （）they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn ho
11、w the words for animals and meat developed. 尽管诺曼人在统治英格兰的整整 250 年间一直讲法语，但是法语并没有取代英语成为第一语言。但另一方面，英语也确实借用了许多法语单词，因此产生了更多意思相近的单词，比如 answer（来自于古英语）和 reply（来自于古法语） 。了解有关动物和肉的词汇是怎么演变而来的，是件挺有趣的事。After the Norman Conquest, many English people worked as servants who raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig
12、, came from Old English. Therefore, the words （） we use for most animals 【】 raised for food such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon.诺曼人征服英格兰之后，许多英国人以仆人的身份从
13、事饲养动物的工作。因此，我们现在所用的大多数表示专为肉食而饲养的动物的单词，比如cow（母牛） 、sheep （羊）和 pig（猪） ，来自于古英语。然而，由于这些动物的肉是供应给话曼人的，所以指代这些动物的肉的词来自于古法语，如beef（牛肉） 、mutton（羊肉） 、pork（猪肉）和bacon（熏猪肉，成猪肉） 。Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For examp
14、le, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children. 古法语也为中古英语做出了其他贡献。在古英语中，单词变复数采用
15、了日耳曼语中单词变复数的方法。比如说，他们说 housen 而不是 houses，说 shosen 而不是 shoes。当诺曼人控制英格兰之后，他们开始使用法语的复数构成形式，在house 和 shoe 后面加 s。只有很少的单词保留了日耳曼语的复数形式，如 man/men 和 child/children。After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, Eng
16、lish had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events. 诺曼征服之后，上层社会的人讲法语，而普通人则讲英语。但是到了 14 世纪后半叶时，英语已被英格兰所有社会阶层广泛使用。1399 年，亨利四世成了英格兰国王。他的母语是英语，他在所有正式场合都使用英语。Modern EnglishModern
17、English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English wi
18、ll keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying things.现代英语是在 16 世纪的文艺复兴时期出现的。由于这个原因，现代英语中含有许多拉丁语及希腊语单词。在此期间，英语发音也经历了巨大的变化。当然这并不是英语语言变化的终结。英语在未来是否会继续变化，这一问题是很容易问答的。可以肯定的是，这一变化过程将会继续，人们
19、将会不断地发明新的单词和新的表达方式。P22 English and its history1. Language, in a broad sense, is the way information is expressed.从广意上讲2. Emoticons make a special Internet language.(make 是联系动词，成为，适合)She would have made an excellent teacher.她本可以成为一位出色的教师3. This stand for a big smile. 代表（同义：represent）4. Braille, inven
20、ted by a Frenchman, is a language for blind people.= Braille, (which was) invented by a Frenchman, is a language for blind people.5. Bees fly in circles to inform their partners about food or danger.呈圆形 /通知某人某事6. All through history, people form many different countries and cultures have lived toget
21、her in Britain.(纵观历史)7. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain.(由。 。 。构成/省略宾语的定语从句)8. confuse sb 使。 。混淆9. in fact 事实上（同义：actually）10. occupy Britain 占领英国11. Old English consisted of a mixture of their language.由。 。 。组成12. Both the English langua
22、ge and the English people are named after the Angles.(以。 。 。命名 name A after B=A be named after B)13. Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English.(除。 。 。之外/同义：apart from)14. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English.（因为 langu
23、ages 后面有定语从句，所以从 bring 后改放到 them 后面/与。 。 。混合）15. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England. 注意时态16. We sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use.对。 。 。感到困惑17. The word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came fro
24、m a word once used by the Norwegians.(而，但是，while 表示转折)18. Middle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries.(两个 v-ed 后置定语修饰 name)19. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English.（起作用/ 在。 。 。的过程中）20. The most important contribu
25、tion is from。 。 。贡献最大21. French-speaking people 说法语的人22. defeat England 打败英格兰23. take control of 控制。 。 。24. lead to 导致( 同义：cause, result in)25. , which led to Old England replacing Celtic. (to 是介词 所以后面的动词用 ing 形式，Old England 是逻辑主语)26. the entire 250 years 整个 250 年27. on the other hand 另一方面28. raise
26、animals 饲养动物29. The words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French.供应给30. Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well.给。 。 。做出贡献31. instead of 而不是32. take control 取得控制33. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men
27、and child/children.保留日耳曼语复数形式34. After the Norman Conquest, high-class people 上层社会的人 spoke French while common people spoke English.而，表示转折35. come into widespread use 被广泛使用36. mother tongue 母语37. He used English for all official events.他在所有正式场合都使用英语。38. go through huge changes 经历巨大变化39. keep on changing 继续变化40. it is certain that 可以肯定的是
