1、Determiners (I)Definitionn Words that precede any premodifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings（所指意义） as specific reference(特指） , generic reference（泛 /类指） , definite quantity(确定数量） or indefinite quantity（非确定数量） are referred to as determiners.n Determiners, as a
2、class of words, include: articles (definite article, indefinite article, zero article), possessive determiners, genitive nouns, demonstrative determiners, relative determiners, interrogative determiners, indefinite determiners, cardinal and ordinal numerals, fractional and multiplicative numerals, a
3、nd other quantifiers.n Possessive determiners 物主限定词 : my, your, his, her, our, your, their, ones, itsn Genitive noun名词属格： Johns, my friendsn Demonstrative determiners指示限定词： this, that, these, those, suchn Relative determiner关系限定词： whose, whichn Interrogative determiner疑问限定词： what, which, whosen Inde
4、finite determiner不定限定词： no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, anothern Cardinal numeral基数词 and Ordinal numeral序数词n Multiplicative numeral 倍数词 and fractional numeral分数词n Quantifier 量词： a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a gre
5、at/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/large/good number of, etc.n The head of a noun phrase limits the choice of determiners, and when more than one determiner occurs in the noun phrase, there is the problem of word order between determiners.1 Collocations between determiners an
6、d nouns1) Determiners with all three classes of nouns2) Determiners with singular count nouns only3) Determiners with plural count nouns only4) Determiners with non-count nouns only5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns only6) Determiners with singular and non-count nouns only7) Determi
7、ners with plural and non-count nouns only1) Determiners with all three classes of nounsn Determiners such as possessive determiners, genitive nouns and the definite articles as well as some, any, no, the other and whose can go with all the three classes of nouns, eg: n the car the cars the moneyn hi
8、s car his cars his moneyn some book some books some moneyn no book no books no moneyn whose book whose books whose money2) Determiners with singular count nouns onlyn Determiners such as a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a can only collocate with singular count nouns, eg
9、:n each worker every studentn either book neither boyn another book such a book 3) Determiners with plural count nouns onlyn Determiners such as both, two, three, etc, another two/three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of can only collocate with plural count nouns, eg: n both
10、workers (a) few wordsn several girls these/those touristsn a number of men many students4) Determiners with noncount nouns onlyn Determiners such as a(little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much, less, least can only collocate with noncount nouns, eg:n much noise (a) little
11、couragen a bit of fun a large amount of moneyn Less oil (the) least oil5) Determiners with singular and plural count nouns onlyn Determiners such as the first, the second, the last, the next can go with either singular or plural count nouns, eg:n The first rose/rosesn The last man/menn The next meet
12、ing/meetingsNote: meeting on Wednesday morning demonstrative determiners,possessive determiners; genitive nouns; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc.n Note: central determiners are mutually exclusive and no two members of the above-cited items eve
13、r occur together in a noun phrase.n Pre-determiners are those that precede central determiners. Pre-determiners are also mutually exclusive. They include: all, both, half, double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such (a/an).n Post-determiners refer to those that follow cen
14、tral or pre-determiners. They are not mutually exclusive, that is to say, two or more such items can co-occur in a noun phrase. This subclass includes: cardinal numerals, ordinal numerals; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more,
15、 most, several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great/large/good number of, a great/ good deal of, a large/small amount of, such.2) Word order of three subclasses of determinersn When a noun phrase contains all three subclasses of determiners, their normal order is “pre-determiner+ central determine
16、r + post-determiner (s)”: all the four students; all these last few days; both his two sistersn if the noun phrase contains only two of the subclasses, they follow the same order, ie” pre-determiner + central determiner”: half his income; both his parents; all the touristsn “central determiner + pos
17、t-determiner”: the authors last books; some such alloy(合金） ; his last few wordsn “pre-determiner+ post-determiner”: all three books, all other students; half such peoplen “post-determiner+ post-determiner”: several hundred tourists; three other girls; many more copies3 A comparative study of some de
18、terminer usage 1) many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of 2) (A) few, (a) little3) Some, any4) All, both, every, each, either, neither, any1)many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of n To express the idea of “多 ”, we can use many, much, a lot of, lots of, etc. many and much can function as determine
19、rs and as indefinite pronouns, eg: n A rocket has many parts.n Ive told you many times I hate dishonesty.n Many are called but few are chosen.n Much information is now transmitted through E-mail.n We have much work ahead of us.n -Have you done all these exercises?-No, I havent done very many.n -Did
20、you do much work today?No, I didnt do much.n many/much often take such modifiers as “how/too/so/asas , etc”, eg:n How much money is needed for the project?n I have (far) too many books to carry by myself.n He took so many boxes that he had to call a taxi.n They can spend as much money as they need o
21、n the project.n In informal style, especially when they do not take any modifier and do not appear in the subject area, many/much are normally used in negative and interrogative sentences, while a lot of, lots of, plenty of are commonly used in affirmative sentences, eg:n He hasnt got much money, bu
22、t he has a lot of/lots of/plenty of friends.n Are there many animals in the park?-No, not many.-Yes, quite a lot.n Just as many/much sometimes carry a non-assertive tone(不肯定口气） , they are commonly used in the object clause introduced by whether/if, eg: n I doubt whether/if therell be many people at
23、the show on this rainy day.n I wonder whether/if he has much information on this project.2)(A) few, (a) littlen To express the idea of “少 ”, we can use (a) few/(a) little. These items can function both as determiners as indefinite pronouns, but the smallness of the number or amount expressed by a fe
24、w/a little denotes a positive evaluation on the part of the speaker, while that expressed by few/little a negative evaluation（ = not many/much, not enough） .n When a few is preceded by quite or not, it does not denote the idea of small quantity but that of “a fair number (of). Likewise, a good few a
25、lso denotes the idea of “a considerable number (of)”, eg: n Quite a few of us are getting worried.n Youll have to wait a good few weeks.n Less/ least, as the comparative/superlative degree of little, commonly go with mass nouns. As mentioned above, in present-day English, less/least are occasionally
26、 used with plural nouns. n Note: this occurs only in informal style and in formal writing, fewer/fewest should be used instead.3) Some, anyn To express the idea of “一些 “,we can use some/any. As an assertive word（肯定词） , some is generally used in affirmative sentences, and any, which is a nonassertive
27、 word, is generally used in negative or interrogative sentences or in sentences with negative implications.n When some occurs in questions, it is implied that the speaker expects an affirmative answer. For instance, when one is expecting letters, he may ask: “ Are there some letters for me?” Likewis
28、e, when looking hospitality to his guests, the host may ask “Would you like some chocolate cake?”n When some is followed by a singular count noun, it means a certain instead of “一些 ”。 When any is followed by a singular count noun, it denotes the idea of no matter which(任何一个）， eg:n Some boy has broke
29、n a window.n Any child can answer the question.4) All, both, every, each, either, neither, anyn All the items in this group can function both as determiners and as indefinite pronouns with the exception of every which is a determiner only.n To express the idea of “全体 ”， we can use all and both. All
30、refers to the whole of three or more than three, while both refers to the whole of only two.All the four applicants are below the average.He was blind in both eyes.The negative forms of all and both are respectively none and neither, eg: Neither student/Neither（ one) of the (two) students failed the
31、 examination.Neither car/Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in China.none, which means no one, can be used both for person and for impersonal reference, while no one for personal reference, eg:None of the students failed the exam.Ill have none of your stupid ideas.我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。No one in the c
32、lass failed the exam.n (2) To express the idea of “每个 ”, we can use every and each. Every cannot be used to speak of only two people or things, or phrases like “each of the boys”/”the boys each”, eg:n Each side of the street was crowded by people.n Each/every side of the square was crowded with peop
33、le.n Another difference in the usage of every and each is that when thinking of a whole group, we use every（侧重在全体，近乎 all的含义） , and when thinking of one at a time, we use each. Compare:n We want every child(=all the children) to succeed.n Each child will find his own way to success.n The queen shook
34、hands with each player in turn after the game.n 3) To express the idea of “任何一个 ”, we can use any or either. Any refers to three or more than three people or things, while either to two people or things only, eg: Ask any man you meet.These are all free, take any (of them) you like.We have two copies
35、 left. Keep either (copy) for the file.n In phrases like “on either side”/ “at either end”, the word either is used to mean “both”on both sides/at both ends”:n There are warehouses on either side of the river.n He got off the train with a bundle (包裹） on either arm.Determiners (II)Articleslovethe most typical of determiners n Article are just form words(虚词）， so they cannot be used independently and they are meaningless. They are used to modify nouns and clarify their meanings.Deictic meaningKinds of ArticlesPronunciation and Application of Articles
