1、 Cornell Cooperative Extension 康奈尔农业推广系统 Cornell Waste Management Institute 康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 Department of Crop however, coliforms (of which E. coli and Klebsiella are two) and environmental streptococci are the most important in causing mastitis. Therefore, these bacteria are the ones on which this rep
2、ort will focus. 垫料 中存在大量的 不同细菌，但并非所有的细菌都会影响乳房健康。大量的微生物可以侵袭感染乳房；然而，大肠杆菌群（包括大肠埃 希菌和克雷伯氏菌）和环境链球菌是引起乳房炎最重要的细菌。因此，本报告主要研究上述细菌。 As can be seen from the figures, unused sand bedding had the lowest bacterial numbers, and composting (both drum and windrow), as well as digesting prior to separation reduced ba
3、cterial numbers in DMS prior to putting it in the stalls. However, after being in the stalls for one to six days, bacterial levels increased regardless of type of bedding. In some cases, those that started out with “clean” bedding tended to have significantly higher levels of bacteria in used beddin
4、g, indicating that the bedding may have started out too clean (i.e., no competition from other bacteria). In addition, the bacterial levels in the used bedding for sand, drum composted and DMS directly from the separator at farm E did not differ from each other. This indicates that bacterial levels
5、in used bedding are more likely the result of bacteria in the fresh manure of the cow and how well the stalls are cleaned, as well as what is tracked in from the alleys, rather than how “clean” the bedding is when it is put in the stall. 如表所示，沙子垫料 使用前 细菌数最少 ， 进行堆肥处理（ 筒式和风道式 ）及发酵后再分离 的 干 牛 粪 中细菌数 较少
6、。然而，无论什么类型的垫料，在放入牛床 后 1至 6天，细菌含量都会增加。 有时候， 刚开始“干净”的垫料在使用后细菌含量增长幅度明显更高，这说明，这些垫料使用前太干净了（即没有其他细菌与其竞争）。此外，在农场 E，使用 后的沙子、 筒 式 堆肥 或 直接从分离 机 取出的干粪制作的 垫料在使用后，彼此之间的细菌含量并无差别。这表明所使用垫料中的细菌含量更 可能取决于新鲜的牛粪中所含的细菌和 牛床 的清洁程度，以及过道中带入的污物 ，而不是垫料的干净程度。 农场A 筒式 堆肥农场B风道式堆肥农场C发酵农场D固液 分离农场E D筒式堆肥农场E沙子农场E分离农场F固液 分离大肠埃希菌 Use of
7、 Dried Manure Solids as Bedding for Dairy Cows 使用干 牛 粪作奶牛垫料 6 Cornell Waste Management Institute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 2010 Figures. Average bacteria in unused (blue bars) and used (red bars) for each farm/bedding strategy. 表。在各农场 /垫料 管理 下，未用过（蓝条）和已使用（红条）垫料中的平均细菌数。 Treatment of DMS bedding, type of stalls and
8、 frequency of re-bedding used at each farm. Farm (code) Bedding strategy (after separation) Type of Stalls Bedding Frequency A (A Drum) Drum composted for 24 hours Concrete 3x/week B (B Windrow) Windrow composted for 10 days Mattresses 6x/week C (C Digested) Digested before separation - used directl
9、y Mattresses 2x/week D (D Separated) Piled 3 days or used directly Deep beds 2x/week E (E Drum) (E Separated) (E Sand) Drum composted for 3 days Used directly Deep beds 2x/week 2x/week 1x/week F (F Separated) Piled 7 days Deep beds 2x/week 细菌浓度 以 垫料的 log10菌落形成单位 /毫升 (cfu/ ml)计 量 。即，在数值上， 2.0 log10等于
10、 102或 100菌落形成单位 /毫升，而 6.0 log10等于 106或 1,000,000菌落形成单位 /毫升。 Bacterial concentrations are reported as log 10 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml) of bedding material. That is, a value of 2.0 log10 is equal to 102 or 100 cfu/ml, while a value of 6.0 log10 is equal to 106 or 1,000,000 cfu/ml. 农
11、场A 筒式堆肥农场B风道式堆肥农场C发酵农场D分离农场E D筒式堆肥农场E沙子农场E分离农场F分离农场A 筒式堆肥农场B风道式堆肥农场C发酵农场D分离农场E D筒式堆肥农场E沙子农场E分离农场F分离克雷伯氏菌 链球菌属 Use of Dried Manure Solids as Bedding for Dairy Cows 使用干 牛 粪作奶牛垫料 7 Cornell Waste Management Institute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 2010 各农场对干粪垫料的处理以及 卧床 的类型和 添加垫料 的频率。 农场 (代码 ) 垫料 管理 (分离后 ) 卧床 类型 垫料添加 频率 A
12、(A 筒式 ) 筒式堆肥 24小时 混凝土 3x/周 B (B 风道 堆 肥 ) 堆积 10天 橡胶 垫 6x周 C (C 发酵 ) 在分离前进行 发酵 直接使用 橡胶 垫 2x/周 D (D 分离 ) 堆积 3天或直接使用 深槽 卧床 2x/周 E (E 筒式 ) (E 分离 ) (E 沙 ) 筒式堆肥 3天 直接使用 深槽卧床 2x/周 2x/周 1x/周 F (F 分离 ) 堆积 7天 深槽卧床 2x/周 Composting solids in a windrow. 在 室内 进行固体干粪堆肥处理。 Are there physical factors in the unused an
13、d used bedding that are different among the farm/bedding strategies? 对于不同的农场 /垫料，垫料 使用前后 物理 性质 会有不同的吗？ It has been suggested in the literature that with more moisture and more organic matter, bacterial populations thrive. It has also been suggested that the amount of fine particles in the bedding ha
14、s an effect on the bacterial population on the teat ends; the finer the material, the more likely it will stick to the teat ends, and therefore they will have a higher population of bacteria. Bedding (both unused and used) was analyzed for % moisture and particle size. 文献中有人已经提出，更多的水分 和有机质，细菌种群会 快速
15、成长。也有人提出，垫料中微粒的数量对乳头端的细菌数有影响；微粒越小，其附着在乳头上的可能性就越大，因此将出现更多的细菌。分析垫料（ 使用前后 ）水分百分比和颗粒大小。 Average moisture ranged from 64 to 73% in the unused DMS bedding and fine particles (less than 2 mm in size) ranged from 31 to 74%. These differences were dependent on the type and efficiency of the separator being u
16、sed on the farm. Sand, as expected, was drier with only 11% moisture and contained 71% fine particles. 使用 前 的固体干粪垫料中的平均水分范围为64%到 73%，微粒（尺寸小于 2 mm） 比分比 31%到 74%不等 。这些差异取决于使用的分离器的类型和效 率 。按照预期，沙子比较干燥，仅有 11%的水分， 包含 71%的微粒。 Average moisture in the used DMS bedding was higher in the bedding strategies tha
17、t used deep beds (ranging from 43 to 60%) and lower on those that used mattresses (29 to 50%). Farms using mattresses spread the DMS in a 2” layer on top of the mattress, thus allowing it to dry out. Fine particles were also affected by type of stall and tended to be lower in those bedding strategie
18、s that used deep beds versus those that used mattresses. DMS in deep beds tends to mat together from the weight of the cow, while the DMS on the mattress tends to either fall off, or spread out. 使用 后 的 干 牛 粪 中 的水分 ，深槽 牛床 较高（ 43%到 60%不等 ） ， 橡胶垫 牛床 （ 29%到 50%不等 ） 较低。使用 橡胶垫 牛床 的上方 铺上 2英寸 （ 5cm）的干 牛 粪，让
19、它风干。微粒 大小 也 因牛床 类型 有不同 ， 深槽牛床 中的微粒相对于使用 橡胶垫 牛床中的含量 低。奶牛 频繁 的 躺卧 ， 深槽 牛床 中的干 牛 粪趋向于 结块 ，而 橡胶 垫中的干粪趋向于落下或 散 开。 Do the bacterial counts in and/or the properties of the bedding have an effect on udder health? 垫料的细菌数和 /或性质对奶牛乳房健康有影响吗？ Udder health is measured by incidence of mastitis and SCC. Mastitis is
20、 an inflammation of the udder which causes clots in milk. It is generally treated with antibiotics and makes the milk unsalable. Use of Dried Manure Solids as Bedding for Dairy Cows 使用干 牛 粪作奶牛垫料 8 Cornell Waste Management Institute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 2010 SCC is a count of white blood cells in the milk, wh
21、ich can indicate infection. 奶牛乳房健康通过乳腺炎的发病率和 SCC判断。乳腺炎是一种乳房炎症， 使得 牛奶中 有块状物 。这种炎症通常用抗生素治疗， 有抗奶会 滞销。 SCC是牛奶中的白血球数，是 奶牛是否 感染 的指标 。 Mastitis 乳腺炎 Mastitis incidence over the course of the study in the pens used ranged from 4 to 10%. Incidence was different between the farms, but not between the three dif
22、ferent bedding strategies at farm E. The factors that affected mastitis incidence on all farms were stage of lactation, milk production and cell count. Bacterial levels and bedding properties had no effect on the number of mastitis events. 在研究期间， 奶牛 场的乳腺炎发病率为 4%到10%。不同 牧 场的发病率各异，但 E农场的三个不同 的 垫料之间 发病
23、率 并无不同。影响所有 牧 场乳腺炎发病率的因素是 泌 乳阶段、 奶产量 和 体 细胞数。细菌 数量 和垫料性质对乳腺炎发病率没有影响。 Percent of animals with mastitis and abnormal SCC over the course of the study for each farm/ bedding strategy. 研究期间，在各农场 /不同 的 垫料 方案， 乳腺炎的发病率及 超标的 SCC。 Farm/Bedding Mastitis SCC B Windrow 10 24 C Digested 8 17 D Separated 8 52 E S
24、and 6 36 E Drum 4 30 E Separated 3 30 F Separated 6 34 农 场 /垫料 乳腺炎 SCC B 风道式 10 24 C 发酵 8 17 D 固液 分离 8 52 E 沙子 6 36 E 筒式 4 30 E 固液 分离 3 30 F 固液 分离 6 34 Somatic Cell Count 体细胞数 Because mastitis is frequently sub-clinical, estimating the SCC of a milk sample can detect infection. It has been generally
25、 accepted that the cell count for “normal” milk is nearly always less than 200,000 cells/ml for cows and 100,000 cells/ml for heifers. Higher counts are considered abnormal, or excessive, and indicate probable infection. Abnormal SCC over the course of the study in the study pens ranged from 17 to 5
26、0% of the animals. As with mastitis, the number of animals with abnormal SCC was different between the farms, but not between the three different bedding strategies at farm E. The factors that affected SCC were season, lactation number and stage of lactation. Bedding properties and bacterial concent
27、ration did not have an effect on SCC. 因为 大多数 乳腺炎 是隐性的 ， 测量 牛奶样品的SCC可以发现 是否 感染。人们通常认为，“正常”牛奶的细胞数几乎总是小于 20万 /ml， 青年 母牛的是 10万 /ml。更高的数字被视为反常或 超标 ，表明可能出现感染。各 试验 畜 舍 的 SCC的超出 范围 17%到 50%不等 。至于乳腺炎，具有 超标 SCC的动物数量在各农场都不同，但 E农场的三 种 的垫料之间并无不同。影响 SCC的因素是季节、 泌乳胎次 和 泌 乳阶段。垫料性质和细菌浓度对 SCC没有影响。 Will the use of DMS
28、contribute to the spread of Johnes disease in a herd? 干牛粪 的使用 会 造成 慢性腹泻 病 在群体中 传播吗？ There is some concern that since the bacteria responsible for Johnes disease (Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis MAP) is shed in the manure, using manure solids as bedding may spread the disease throughout the herd
29、 if the bacterium remains viable in the DMS. MAP was found in small numbers in several of the unused bedding sources, including sand (see table on top of page 6). In this study MAP was not consistently destroyed by separation, digestion or drum composting. Therefore, there could be some potential fo
30、r the spread of Johnes through the use of DMS. Since the number of colony forming units was small, that possibility is also small, and may be of concern only in the bedding of calves. Cows do not tend to ingest bedding, where calves may. 有人担心 干牛粪中含有慢性腹泻致病 菌（副结核分支杆菌 MAP），如果细菌在干 牛 粪中仍然存活，那么使用其作为垫料可能会在
31、 群体 中传播该。垫料使用之前， 包括沙子（见第 6页顶部的表格） ，其中 发现少量的 MAP。在 该研究中， 固液 分离、 发酵 或筒式堆肥 都没有杀灭 MAP。因此，干 牛 粪 垫料会造成 慢性腹泻致病 菌的传播。因菌落形成单位的数量小，可能性也小， 但 用于初生牛犊垫料中 值得Use of Dried Manure Solids as Bedding for Dairy Cows 使用干 牛 粪作奶牛垫料 9 Cornell Waste Management Institute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 2010 关注 。 因成年母 牛没有摄食垫料的倾向，但 犊 牛可能有。 Drum co
32、mposter - three day retention time. 筒式堆肥装置 储存 三天 Analysis of MAP in unused bedding for each farm/bedding strategy. Farm/bedding strategy # of time MAP found Total # of samples taken Total cfu MAP (average) A Drum 1 24 69.7 B Windrow 2 24 1.2 C Digested 2 21 1.0 D Separated 4 24 58.0 E Drum 0 15 0.0
33、E Sand 1 33 0.4 E Separated 11 36 8.9 F Separated 12 24 174.0 在各农场 /垫料策略下对 使用前的 垫料的 MAP分析。 农场 /垫料策略 发现 MAP的次数 采样的总数量 总 菌落形成单位 MAP (平均 ) A Drum（ 筒式堆肥 ， 24h） 1 24 69.7 B Windrow（ 风道 式堆肥 ， 10d） 2 24 1.2 C Digested（ 先发酵后分离 ） 2 21 1.0 D Separated（分离后堆放 3d） 4 24 58.0 E Drum（ 筒式堆肥 ， 3d） 0 15 0.0 E Sand（砂子）
34、 1 33 0.4 E Separated（分离后直接用 ） 11 36 8.9 F Separated（分离后堆放 7d） 12 24 174.0 What are the economic implications of using DMS bedding? 使用干 牛 粪作垫料的经济效益有哪些？ An economic analysis of using manure solids as bedding was performed. Returns were from the sale of solids, reduced hauling cost (not having to take
35、 the manure out in the field for spreading) and reduced costs on purchasing bedding. Costs include equipment to separate, other machinery costs, fuel, labor and other costs associated with bedding management. It was calculated as the cost or savings per hundred weight (cwt) of milk produced. In all
36、cases there were savings which ranged from 1 to 26 cents per cwt. 该研究中对使用干粪作垫料的经济效益进行了分析。收益来自固体干粪的销售、减少的运输费 （不必将粪便运出养殖场）和减少的采购垫料费。投入成本包括分离用设备、其它机械成本及有关垫料管理的燃料、劳力和其它费用。 若按照每百磅产生的牛奶来计算节省的成本， 无论怎样 算，每百磅都有 1到 26美分的 节省 。 Conclusions 结论 Using manure solids can provide an economic benefit without adversely
37、 affecting herd health. 使用 干牛粪 可以产生经济效益，且不会对 牛 群健康造成不利影响。 Use of Dried Manure Solids as Bedding for Dairy Cows 使用干 牛 粪作奶牛垫料 10 Cornell Waste Management Institute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 2010 Bacterial levels in the bedding alone are not what cause high SCC or mastitis. Management of the bedding in the stalls is
38、 much more important than analyzing it for pathogens. Keeping stalls free of manure and urine, regardless of bedding type, will go a long way toward keeping SCC and mastitis under control. 垫料中的细菌 数量 不是引起高 SCC或乳腺炎的唯一原因。垫料 的 管理比分析病原体更重要。无论采用什么类型的垫料， 确 保 卧床内 无粪尿对控制 SCC和乳腺炎有很大 帮助。 Use a DMS system that
39、fits into your farms routine and one with which you are most comfortable. 使用 牧场最合 适的 干牛粪 系统，也是 人 觉得最舒适的系统。 Cost of using DMS. Returns (d) = a + b + c (e) (e-d) Farm DMS Sales (a) Savings on hauling (b) Savings on bedding (c) Total expenses Annual cost to farm Annual cost/cwt B $0 $5,490 $57,200 $51,
40、570 -$10,940 -$0.05 C $0 $8,450 $44,800 $22,236 -$31,014 -$0.08 D $0 $8,325 $53,082 $59,856 -$1,552 -$0.01 E $0 $8,425 $156,115 $87,171 -$77,378 -$0.26 F $15,000 $50,000 $81,600 $79,257 -$67,343 -$0.26 使用干粪的成本。 收益 (d) = a + b + c (e) (e-d) 农场 固体干粪销售额 (a) 运输 节省 (b) 垫料 节省 (c) 总费用 农场年成本 年成本 /百磅 B $0 $5
41、,490 $57,200 $51,570 -$10,940 -$0.05 C $0 $8,450 $44,800 $22,236 -$31,014 -$0.08 D $0 $8,325 $53,082 $59,856 -$1,552 -$0.01 E $0 $8,425 $156,115 $87,171 -$77,378 -$0.26 F $15,000 $50,000 $81,600 $79,257 -$67,343 -$0.26 Use of Dried Manure Solids as Bedding for Dairy Cows 使用干 牛 粪作奶牛垫料 11 Cornell Wast
42、e Management Institute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 2010 What is the impact of the use of DMS on feet and legs? 使用干粪 垫料对奶牛的肢 蹄 和 腿 关节 有什么影响？ Some of the literature has indicated that sand is the best bedding for the health of feet and legs. One of the ways in which foot and leg health is evaluated is through locomot
43、ion scoring. Twice, over the study, at Farm E, cows in the sand pen and cows in the pen bedded with DMS from the separator were scored. The scoring done at this farm showed that cows on sand (particularly those in lactation 4 or greater) had significantly higher locomotion scores than those bedded o
44、n DMS. 一些文献表 明： 沙子是保证 肢 蹄健康且最适合作垫料的材料。在评价 肢 蹄 和 腿 关节 健康的方法中 ， 有一种运动评分方法。在研究中，通过对农场 E中使用沙子垫料的奶牛和使用干粪垫料的奶牛进行了两次评分。 E农场的评分显示，使用 沙子垫料的奶牛（尤其是 泌乳次数 4次）比使用干粪垫料的奶牛的分要高很多。 Locomotion Scoring: 运动评分： 1 = Non-lame: Stands and walks with a flat back 1 = 未跛足的：站立和走动时背是平的 2 = Slightly lame: Stands with an arched ba
45、ck, but walks with a flat back 2 =稍微跛足的：站立时背是突起的，但走动时背是平的 3 = Moderately lame: Stands and walks with an arched back and takes short strides on one or more legs 3 =中度跛足的：站立和走动是背是突起的，而且一条腿或多条腿仅能小步前进。 4 = Severely lame: Stands and walks with an arched back and one or more limbs are physically lame or n
46、on- weight bearing. 4 = 严重跛足的：站立和走动时背是突起的，一条腿或多条腿是跛的，或不能负重。 Average locomotion scores by lactation number for animals bedded on sand and DMS. 使用沙子垫料和干粪垫料的 奶牛 在不同 泌乳次数后 的平均运动得分 第 2次 泌 乳 第 3次 泌 乳 第 4次及 4次以上 泌乳 沙子 干粪 运动评分Use of Dried Manure Solids as Bedding for Dairy Cows 使用干 牛 粪作奶牛垫料 12 Cornell Waste
47、 Management Institute康奈尔大学废物管理研究所 2010 A case study of two farms: “How frequently should stalls be refreshed with new bedding” 对两个农场的案例研究： 垫料 添加 的频率 “Common wisdom” says that bedding should be refreshed often to provide a clean environment, while a close reading of the research literature suggests t
48、hat to be ill-advised from the point of view of pathogen re-growth (as well as being less economical). Pathogens in organic bedding reach high levels within a day or two of being placed in stalls and re-bedding provides fresh organic materials that serve as food for the organisms, thus frequent re-b
49、edding may not make a difference. 人 们通常认为，应该 频繁添加 垫料，以保持 牛床 干净，但是 深入 阅读研究文献后发现，这是一个错误的建议。因为病原体和病菌会重复生长（而且也不具经济效益）。 对于 有机垫料 ，添加后 1到 2天，其中的病原体数量会达到高峰。且 添加 垫料会为 微生物 提供新鲜的有机 原 料。因此，频繁地 添加 垫料并无多大作用。 Two farms that used DMS directly from the separator in deep beds, assigned two pens of animals to this study. The cows in each pen were of approximately the same parity and stage of lactation and were kept in the same pen for four full weeks in July and January. Farm 1 housed only first lactation animals in the two pens, while Farm 2 housed multiparous animals. One
