1、 1 / 7 得分 扣分 I. Error correction (10X1=10) Directive: Underline the error(s) in the following sentences and write your correction(s) right below. 1. Male students had a higher rate of smoking exposure comparing to female students. (ONE error) 2. No significantly differences found between two groups
2、in terms of their satisfaction with or attitudes to the medical ads. (TWO errors) 3. There were over one-third of the participants thought that the canteen food was not delicious and one-third of them were tired of waiting in line. (ONE error) 4. Acute pain is considered as a protective and adaptive
3、 sense, which keep us away from the noxious stimulation. (TWO errors) 5. Similarly to lack of sleep, the poor quality of sleep was associated with mental symptoms such as inattention. (ONE error) 6. The supporters thought that food for delivery was more convenience, richer in variety and more delici
4、ous than the food in the school canteen. (ONE error) 7. Generally, the procedures were well tolerated by majority of patients. (ONE error) 8. No comparative study on this issue can be found in medical literatures. (ONE error) 9. A total of 4,164 Chinese individuals who had stroke involved in this mu
5、lticenter study. (ONE error) 10. Internet also played an important role in spread sex-related knowledge to young people. (ONE error) 2 / 7 得分 扣分 II. Revision (5X2=10) Directive: Revise the following sentences to make them academically appropriate. 1. In our study, it revealed no significant differen
6、ce between different gender in choosing a hospital. _ _ _ 2. Methods included descriptive analysis mainly. _ _ 3. About two groups on whether to use the equipment protection in the process of movement, there was no difference between these two groups. _ _ 4. In this study, we reported for the first
7、time applying targeted therapy for HCSs. _ _ _ 5. All respondents were MD candidates in the medical school of Fudan University. Among these students, 48 respondents (57.83%) were in an emergency department, 17 respondents (20.48%) in an internal medicine department, and 18 respondents (21.69%) in a
8、surgery department. _ _ _ 3 / 7 得分 扣分 III. Translation (5X2=10) Directive: Translate the following into English. 1. 在筛查前获得书面知情同意书。 _ _ 2. 新的研究让人们对于 GISTs 的 病理生理和治疗有了新的理解 。 _ _ 3. 在这项研究中，我们 确认 童年时期较高的 BMI值与成年后患冠心病的风险有关。 _ _ 4. 既然所有 P 值均大于 0.15，就没对分析进行研究基地、性别、种族和民族的调整。 _ _ 5. 对初级干预后需要哪种随访以及确诊复发后的管路尚未达
9、成共识 。 _ _ 4 / 7 得分 扣分 IV. Writing (10) Directive: Below is part of the Introduction of a journal article, where the literature review from three sources (numbered 4, 5, and 12 in the reference list) is taken away. Write out the missing literature review based on their abstract provided to you (One s
10、entence for each source). The references cited in this part are given. Sudden Cardiac Arrest during Participation in Competitive Sports The occurrence of sudden cardiac arrest in young persons during participation in competitive sports is a rare but tragic event. In numerous jurisdictions, prepartic
11、ipation screening systems have been implemented on the assumption that most cases of sudden cardiac arrest that occur during sports activities can be predicted and prevented by identifying persons at risk, withdrawing them from competitive sports, and in selected cases, applying therapeutic preventi
12、ve measures.1,2. The reported incidence of sudden cardiac death in the young (usually defined as 35 years of age) with sudden cardiac death referring exclusively to sudden cardiac arrest that results in death ranges widely, from 1.0 to 6.4 cases per 100,000 patient-years.3_ _ _ _ _ _ _ The uncertain
13、ty regarding the precise incidence of sudden cardiac arrest in the young, particularly during participation in a sport, can be attributed in part to imperfect data collection systems that have been used in previous studies. Almost all the studies have focused on persons who could not be resuscitated
14、 (sudden cardiac deaths), and in most of the studies, death certificates, hospital records, autopsy reports, or searches of publicly available records were used to identify cases of sudden cardiac arrest.3-10 These approaches are limited because systematic methods were not used to identify all perso
15、ns in a particular community who had sudden cardiac arrest and because survivors were 5 / 7 not included. Rescu Epistry is a prospective, comprehensive registry of all persons who had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and whose event was attended by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel in a defin
16、ed region of the province of Ontario, Canada. This validated registry allows an opportunity to systematically examine the circumstances and causes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest to quantify how many of the events are truly sudden and how many are truly cardiac in origin.11 We used this registry t
17、o ascertain the incidence of sudden cardiac arrest during participation in competitive and noncompetitive sports activities among young persons and to determine the underlying causes. _ _ _ The current analysis allowed us to estimate the potential efficacy of systematic pre-participation screening.
18、References 1. Pelliccia A, Zipes DP, Maron BJ. Bethesda Conference #36 and the European Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations revisited: a comparison of U.S. and European criteria for eligibility and disqualification of competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Card
19、iol 2008;52:1990-6. 2. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Pelliccia A, Thiene G. Pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1981-9. 3. Ackerman M, Atkins DL, Triedman JK. Sudden cardiac death in the young. Circulation 2016
20、;133:1006-26. 4. Finocchiaro G, Papadakis M, Robertus JL, et al. Etiology of sudden death in sports: insights from a United Kingdom regional registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:2108-15. 5. Marijon E, Tafflet M, Celermajer DS, et al. Sports-related sudden death in the general population. Circulation
21、 2011;124: 672-81. 6. Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Wilson MG, Sharma S. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in athletes: a state-of-the-art review. Br J Sports Med 2014;48:1185-92. 7. -10. 11. Morrison LJ, Nichol G, Rea TD, et al. Rationale, development and implementation of the Resuscitation Outcomes Conso
22、rtium Epistry-Cardiac Arrest. Resuscitation 2008;78:161-9. 12. Lithwick DJ, Fordyce CB, Morrison BN, et al. Pre-participation screening in the young competitive athlete: international recommendations and a Canadian perspective. BCMJ 2016;58:145-51. 6 / 7 Abstracts Etiology of Sudden Death in Sports:
23、 Insights from a United Kingdom Regional Registry BACKGROUND: Accurate knowledge of causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes and its precipitating factors is necessary to establish preventative strategies. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated causes of SCD and their association with intensive
24、 physical activity in a large cohort of athletes. METHODS: Between 1994 and 2014, 357 consecutive cases of athletes who died suddenly (mean 29 11 years of age, 92% males, 76% Caucasian, 69% competitive) were referred to our cardiac pathology center. All subjects underwent detailed post-mortem evalua
25、tion, including histological analysis by an expert cardiac pathologist. Clinical information was obtained from referring coroners. RESULTS: Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) was the most prevalent cause of death (n = 149 42%). Myocardial disease was detected in 40% of cases, including idiopath
26、ic left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and/or fibrosis (n = 59, 16%); arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) (13%); and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (6%). Coronary artery anomalies occurred in 5% of cases. SADS and coronary artery anomalies affected predominantly young athletes (
27、 35 years of age), whereas myocardial disease was more common in older individuals. SCD during intense exertion occurred in 61% of cases; ARVC and left ventricular fibrosis most strongly predicted SCD during exertion. CONCLUSIONS: Conditions predisposing to SCD in sports demonstrate a significant ag
28、e predilection. The strong association of ARVC and left ventricular fibrosis with exercise-induced SCD reinforces the need for early detection and abstinence from intense exercise. However, almost 40% of athletes die at rest, highlighting the need for complementary preventive strategies. Sports-rela
29、ted sudden death in the general population BACKGROUND: Although such data are available for young competitive athletes, the prevalence, characteristics, and outcome of sports-related sudden death have not been assessed previously in the general population. METHODS AND RESULTS: A prospective and comp
30、rehensive national survey was performed throughout France from 2005 to 2010, involving subjects 10 to 75 years of age. Case detection for sports-related sudden death, including resuscitated cardiac arrest, was undertaken via national 7 / 7 ambulance service reporting and Web-based screening of media
31、 releases. The overall burden of sports-related sudden death was 4.6 cases per million population per year, with 6% of cases occurring in young competitive athletes. Sensitivity analyses used to address suspected underreporting demonstrated an incidence ranging from 5 to 17 new cases per million pop
32、ulation per year. More than 90% of cases occurred in the context of recreational sports. The age of subjects was relatively young (mean SD 46 15 years), with a predominance of men (95%). Although most cases were witnessed (93%), bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation was only commenced in 30.7% of
33、cases. Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (odds ratio 3.73, 95% confidence interval 2.19 to 6.39, P0.0001) and initial use of cardiac defibrillation (odds ratio 3.71, 95% confidence interval 2.07 to 6.64, P0.0001) were the strongest independent predictors for survival to hospital discharge (15.
34、7%, 95% confidence interval 13.2% to 18.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Sports-related sudden death in the general population is considerably more common than previously suspected. Most cases are witnessed, yet bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation was only initiated in one third of cases. Given the often predi
35、ctable setting of sports-related sudden death and that prompt interventions were significantly associated with improved survival, these data have implications for health services planning. Pre-participation screening in the young competitive athlete: International recommendations and a Canadian pers
36、pective The sports medicine and cardiology communities have debated the role of screening ever since publication of a 25-year longitudinal study in Italy showed an 89% reduction in the rate of sudden cardiac death in young athletes after a cardiovascular screening program was implemented. Several co
37、nsensus statements and research trials have been published on the effectiveness of screening young athletes, with the primary point of debate being whether the resting 12-lead electrocardiogram should be included, primarily due to concerns about false-positive rates and cost-effectiveness. Little research has come out of Canada on this topic, and to date no official recommendations have been developed for screening in this population.
