1、单 元 二 ：倒 装 句 （ 1 ） 否 定 词 在 前 的 情 况完 全 倒 装 ： 谓 语部 分 倒 装 ： 助 动 词 （ 系 动 词 + 情 态 动 词 ）1 . no sooner h ad he arrived than they asked him to leave again.2 . Hard ly had he begun to speak wh en the audience interruptedhim.3 . Not until he comes back will I go to sleep(not until 主 句 部 分 倒装 ， 从 句 不 倒 装 )4 .
2、Not until 1 8 9 5 d id Cornell University begin to offer a degree inornithology.5 . Not until linoleum was invented in 1 8 6 0 d id any house havehard-wearing, easy-to-clean flooring.6 . At no time sh ou ld we divorce ourselves from the masses of thepeople.(部 分 倒 装 )7 . Not a single paper d id he wr
3、ite last term.8 . Nor for a moment can the man imagine that he would dieabroad.倒 装 句 （ 2 ） 让 步 状 语 从 句形 容 词 /副 词 /名 词 + as/ though + 主 语 + 谓 语1 . mu ch as we may pride ourselves on our god taste, we are nolonger free to choose the things we want.(副 词 )2 . old as I am, I can still fight.(形 容 词 )3 . c
4、h ild though he is , he can do some cooking.(名 词 ) 动 词 （ 原 型 ） + as/though+ 主 语 + 助 动 词 /情 态 动 词1 . try as I might, I could not lift the stone.2 . Try h ard as he will, he never seems able to do the wordsatisfactorily.特 殊 ： as引 导 的 原 因 状 语 从 句 也 可 以 用 倒 装 ： tired as she was , Idecided not to disturb
5、 her.长 句 ：3 . great su ccess though you have achieved, you must not beconceited.4 . Ru n d ry as the see were to and cru mble as the rocks were to , Iwould not break my promise.5 . Only for one year as she has been here, she become quite anexpert in this field. 倒 装 句 （ 3 ） 方 位 副 词 前 置there, here ,no
6、w ,then和 up, down, in , out等 副 词 在 句 首 ， 要 完 全 倒 装1 . th ere appeared on the horizon a man on horseback, riding in mydirection.Now comes your luck. Out rushed the little boy.主 语 是 代 词 的 时 候 不 用 倒 装2 . here h e comes.3 . Out h e rushed.倒 装 句 （ 4 ） 补 充地 点 介 词 短 语 ：1 . beh ind h im hang the map.2 . In
7、th is box is found the book.分 词 短 语 ：1 . lying on th e floor was a boy aged about fifteen.2 . Discu ssed in th e conference was a proposal to reform incometaxes.表 语 （ 形 容 词 ， 过 去 分 词 ， 介 词 短 语 ） ：1 . invicible are the forces of the pl2 . gone are the days when were students.3 . Among th e good s are
8、 apples, oranges, bananas 同 位 语 从 句why： my original qu estion wh y he do it has not been answered.Whether: he was again tortured by the d ou bt wh eth er he could meetMary at the station.单 元 三 ：独 立 主 格 结 构 ： 表 示 时 间 ， 原 因 ， 条 件 ， 方 式 和 伴 随 情 况自 己 主 语 + 无 动 词 分 句现 在 分 词 ： weather p ermitting, I will
9、start tomorrow.过 去 分 词 ： his homework d one , Jim decided to go and see the play.无 动 词 独 立 结 构 ： the meal over ,we began to work again.不 定 式 独 立 结 构 ： the details to be worked ou t later, the plan wasapproved.With 引 导 的 独 立 主 格 结 构定 语 ： the woman with a baby on her back is my sister原 因 状 语 ： with hi
10、s homework finished , he felt very happy.伴 随 状 语 ： with his face covered tears, he ran into the room. With tearsstreaming d own her cheeks, she sat there .1 . sand is formed by the weathering and decomposition of all typesof rock, its most abundant mineral constitution being quarts.2 . The job finis
11、h ed ,we went home straight away.3 . Two hundred people died in the accident, many of themch ild ren.4 . There being nothing else to do ,we left.5 . I would not dare to go home with ou t the job finished. 过 去 分 词 作 宾 语 补 足 语 （ -ed）See， hear， feel ， find ， think1 . I saw the students assembled in the
12、 hall.2 . They found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes tu rned to ash.单 元 四 ：原 因 状 语 从 句 ： because , sine , as , now that, fornow that= seeing that = in that= consid ering th atthis machine differs from the other one in th at it is more powerful. 双 重 否 定never fail to: cats never fail to fascinat
13、e human beingsnot without: he d oesnt have any meal with ou t meatsno not: there is nothing that he cant do.单 元 五 ：so that 别 忘 了 还 有 表 示 结 果 的 意 思 ： we all arrived at 8 :0 0 so that themeeting began promptly.Sothat倒 装 ： 主 句 部 分 倒 装 ， that从 句 不 倒 装1 . So great is our passion for doing things for ours
14、elves , that weare becoming increasingly less dependent on specialized labour.2 . So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they weregiven a bonus.3 . So inferior was the quality of the radio that I took it back andasked for a better one.4 . To such a degree was he hurt that he would never f
15、orgive you.Such+ a + 形 容 词 + 单 数 名 词 = so+ 形 容 词 + a+ 单 数 名 词1 . He was in such a bedraggled condition that an assistant refusedto serve him.2 . He was in so bedraggled a condition that3 . It was so hot a day that we went swimming.4 . It is such nice weather that I would like to o the beach.(weather
16、为 不 可 数 名 词 ， 只 能 用 such)特 殊 ： 当 强 调 的 名 词 前 有 many, few, litter时 ， 还 是 用 so1 . he took so many cases with him that he had to call a taxi2 . he earned so little money that he could barely support his family.让 步 状 语 从 句 ： though although （ 不 能 用 but， 但 可 以 用 yet强 调 转折 ）though she is not pretty, yet s
17、he is very lovely.单 元 六 ：现 在 分 词 作 状 语同 时 发 生 ： flying over the channel , the pilot saw a meteorite.动 作 发 生 在 主 句 之 前 ： h aving noted down our names ,the policemandismissed us.条 件 状 语 ： you will only make yourself more tired, keeping on your feet.结 果 ： he applied more water to the flower, only makin
18、g things worse.(结 果 置 于 句 末 ， 多 和 only 连 用 ) 单 元 七 ：would rather than接 动 词 原 型 ： pl would rather pay large sums ofmoney than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.It is time / Would rather + 从 句 ： 虚 拟 语 气 ， 宁 愿 让 某 人 干 某 事 。 用 一 般过 去 时 表 示 现 在 或 者 将 来 。1 . I would rather he p ainted bule and w
19、ithout any decorations.(未来 )2 . I would rather you came to the party tomorrow.(未 来 ) Have sb do 让 某 人 做 某 事 :mother has me d o the houseworkHave sb doing 让 某 人 处 于 做 某 事 的 状 态 ： how can she have you waitingin the rain. 插 入 语 ： what is more. What is more important. What is worse(其 中 的 is要 变 形 态 )单 元
20、八 ：it做 形 式 主 语 ：-ing： its dangerous p laying with fire.To do: it is difficult to translate this article.That: it was obvious th at the lamb had been stolen.特 殊 ： it is no good going that party so early.(no good只 能 用 ing) it做 形 式 宾 语 ：-ing: I found it a waste sp end ing so much money on eating.To do
21、: his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer.That: they kept it quiet th at jack was murdered.Whether: she thought it still uncertain wh eth er he will come or notWhat: they believed it important wh at he had done.主 语 、 宾 语 补 足 语 ： 形 容 词 ,表 示 原 因 、 时 间 、 伴 随1 . ash amed of having
22、 acted so rashly, he (原 因 )2 . rip e, these apples are sweet.（ 时 间 ）3 . Help less, we watched half a years food destroyed before oureyes.（ 伴 随 ）4 . He was found d ead (伴 随 )5 . Cu riou s, she looked around for other guests.6 . She pushed the door op en.（ 伴 随 ）7 . I cant drink it h ot 让 步 状 语 从 句 ：de
23、spite, in spite of , regardless of + 名 词 the fact that + 从 句 ： he went out in spite of the fact that he had abad cold.单 元 九 ：三 个 或 三 个 以 上 的 词 ， 短 语 或 句 子 只 能 用 一 个 并 列 连 接 词 来 连 接 。He opened the letter, read it ,and made a note of its contents.Which， whom， whose+ n作 介 词 宾 语This is the person with w
24、h om you will work.The driver was the man from wh ose room she had stolen the map.This is the book for wh ich you ask. 介 词 + which代 替 状 语时 间 ： he had completed a successful overland flight d u ring wh ich hecovered twenty miles.He came yesterday on wh ich I was not at home.He came back late, by wh i
25、ch time all the gests had already left.原 因 ： he refused to disclose the reason for wh ich he did it地 点 : it is the place in wh ich I met him at the first time. 单 元 十 ：强 调 结 构 （ 一 ）not until.必 须 将 not前 移 ， 写 成 it is not until thatit was not u ntil his third match in 1 7 9 0 th at he finally beat him
26、andbecame the champion of England. 表 语 从 句 ：that： the truth is th at most of us have been brought up to eat certainfoods and we stick to them all our lives.Who: the problem is wh o we can get to replace her.Where: thats not wh ere it belongs.How: the question is h ow he did it.Whether: his first que
27、stion was wh eth er she had arrived yet.Why: this is wh y I want you to work here.What: that is wh at is wrong with him. 单 元 十 一 ：as if/though：表 语 从 句 ： all this was twenty years ago, but it seems as if it were onlyyesterday.(好 像 ， 宛 如 ， 经 常 用 虚 拟 语 气 )it looks as if our side is going to win (也 可 以
28、用 陈 述 语 气 ， 表 示 可 能 发 生或 设 想 为 真 实 的 情 况 )she looks as though she were sick.he talks as if he would go abroad.单 元 十 三 ：no matter + 疑 问 词 = 让 步 状 语 从 句however: h owever hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this pen with ink.Wherever: wh erever you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh att
29、he films.Whoever: wh oever you are, you can not come in.Whatever: do not change your plans wh atever happens.Whenever: I am willing o follow you wh enever you go.Whether: I will go there wh eth er it rains or not.注 意 ： how和 what的 区 别how接 形 容 词 ： however high your academic level is, you should remain
30、modest.What接 名 词 ： doctor says that no matter what forceful argumentsagainst smoking there are, many pl persist in smokingAs ,when, while的 比 较As 有 随 着 的 意 思 ： as spring warms the good earth, all flowers begin tobloom.以 及 原 因 的 意 思 ： as I admit that the problem is difficult , I do not thinkthey can b
31、e solved.When有 就 在 那 时 的 意 思 ： he was still mumbling something abouthospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice andbroke his left leg.(= at that time)While有 转 折 的 意 思 = although, whereas, but： while I am willing to help,I do not have much time.以 及 对 比 的 意 思 ： while Mary is st
32、out, Jean is slender.单 元 十 五 ：主 语 从 句 ：what: wh at they had in fact found was a ship which had been sunk manyyears before.How: h ow she comes here is not important.Whether: wh eth er they will come today is still unknown.That: th at he did not tell a lie pleased his parents.As引 导 的 定 语 从 句 :充 当 宾 语
33、， 主 语 或 者 表 语1 、 代 替 整 个 句 子 或 一 件 事As is well known, great changes have taken place in China.(主 语 )This experiment is very simple, as indeed it is.(表 语 )Things can go wrong on a big scale, as a number of people recentlydiscovered in China.(宾 语 ) 2 、 代 替 主 句 中 一 个 特 定 的 词 ： 当 先 行 词 中 有 such ,so ,sam
34、e通 常 用 asthey were satisfied with this d ecision, as was agreed beforehand.(主语 ， as代 替 this decision)I never heard such stories as he tells.(宾 语 ： 先 行 词 such stories)The place doesnt look the same as it was before liberation.(表 语 ， 先 行词 same)Have you bought the same book as I referred to yesterday.(
35、表 语 ， 先 行词 book)It wasnt such a good d inner as she had promised me.(宾 语 ， 先 行 词dinner)Such passengers as survived the explosion were drowned.(主 语 ， 先 行 词passagers)3 、 引 导 方 式 状 语 从 句 ： 不 充 当 任 何 成 分the telephone, as we know it ,was the invention of Bell. 单 元 十 六 ：比 较 状 语 从 句 ： asas否 定 用 not soas/th
36、anas结 构 中 ， 第 一 个 是 副 词 ， 第 二 个 是 关 联 词 ， 后 面 跟 从 句比 较 项 目 相 同 时 将 部 分 省 去 ：he is as tall as/taller than I (am)there is as much water in the tube as(there is )in that one.I love him more that(I love )her特 殊 ： 不 同 项 目 比 较同 一 人 物 之 间 不 同 项 目 的 比 较 ， 不 同 人 物 不 同 项 目 的 比 较1 . the girl is as brilliant as
37、 she is beautiful.(同 人 不 同 项 目 )2 . the swimming pool is not as long as that one is wide.(不 同 人 不 同项 目 )3 . they had a definite meaning ,for they were as near as early mancould get to writing.4 . He believed that a car should be driven as fast as it couldpossibly go.5 . The house is much more beauti
38、ful than we have expected6 . Dancing proved to be more than the disk could bear.特 殊 ： （ just） asso正 如 ， 所 以1 . as you sow, so will you reap.(主 句 倒 装 )2 . As unselfishness is the real test of strong affection, sounselfishness ought to be the real test of the very highest of art.3 . As air is to man,
39、so is water to fishas+ many/much + 名 词 as1 . she wrote as many essays as her brother.2 . She took as much butter as her brother.变 体 ： as+ much + n+ as表 示 程 度 状 语 ， 否 定 是 not so much as与 其 倒不 如1 . the over-punctual can be as much a trial to others as theunpunctual.2 . It wasnt so much his appearance
40、I liked as his personality. 变 体 ： as+ 形 容 词 + 名 词 + as= 名 词 + as+ 形 容 词 + as1 . he is as efficient a worker as Jack.2 . He is a worker as efficient as Jack.3 . I have never heard as impressive music as this.4 . I have never heard music as impressive as this. 单 元 十 七 ：more than 与 其 说 ， 倒 不 如 说1 . he
41、is more good than bad.2 . Tom is more a scholar than a teacher3 . Smoking will do you more harm than good. 不 同 比 较 项 目 ： I can walk faster than you can run.1 . We are less credulous than we used to be.2 . He works less hard he used to. 变 体 ： more/less/fewer+ 名 词 + than= 形 容 词 + 名 词 + than1 . john is
42、 a more efficient worker than Jack.2 . John is a worker more efficient than Jack(后 置 修 饰 语 )No more/less than与 not more/less than1 . I have no more than 1 0 yuan in my pocket.(言 其 少 = only)2 . I have not more than 1 0 yuan in my pocket.（ 不 多 于 ， 无 所 谓 多少 ） No more+ 形 容 词 + than与 not more+ 形 容 词1 . Y
43、ou are no more intelligent than he.（ 都 不 聪 明 ）2 . You are not more intelligent than he.（ 他 更 聪 明 ） 状 语 从 句 中 的 省 略 ： 当 主 语 一 致 时 ， 从 句 中 的 be动 词 好 和 主 语 可 以 一 同省 略1 . while on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to aworkma.2 . He is therefore forgiven, if late for a dinner party.3 . Alt
44、hough exhausted by the climb, he continued his journey.单 元 十 八 ：方 式 状 语 从 句 ：as: the workmen told him to do as he pleased.The way: she is doing the work th e way I like it done.How: I shall wear my coat h ow I like.Like : you talk just like your father does.As if : he acted as if he is the owner her
45、e.单 元 十 九 ：最 高 级 的 其 他 表 示 方 式 ：1 . 比 较 级 + than+ any other+ 名 词 /elsefew things could be more impressive than the peace that descends ondeserted city streets at weekends.He did more work this morning than anyone else.2 . 否 定 ， no ,nothing.+ 比 较 级 /soasno experience is so valuable as the experienced
46、 gained with ones ownsweat and blood.Nothing in my life shook me so deeply as my first visit to China. 3 . 虚 拟 倒 装 ：sh ou ld I have time, I would call on her.Had you spoken to her last time you saw him, you would know what todo on this occasion.Were he here, he would be let the matter end this way.T
47、here is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, sh ou ldthere be a sudden loud noise.否 定 词 要 和 情 态 动 词 一 起 提 前 !Should not it rain again, what else could we do?Werent we living a hard time ,he should be responsible for it. 单 元 二 十 ：条 件 状 语 从 句 ：in case:以 防 万 一 ， 以 免 ：条 件 状 语 时 ： i
48、n case it rains , we wont be able to go there on foot.目 的 状 语 时 用 虚 拟 语 气 ： She explained again and again in case/（ lest） /for fear that/ they （ sh ou ld ） misunderstand her.Keep the window closed, *the rain sh ou ld come in 句 首 ： 如 果 ， 假 如 ,在 条 件 下Providing thatSupposing thatAs /so long asOn condit
49、ion thatProviding that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.（ 如 果 ）Supposing that he cant come ,who will do the work?（ 如 果 ）区 别 ： considering that不 在 此 列 ， 为 让 步 状 语 ， 同 now that， 考 虑 到 某一 事 实considering that it is handmade, the price seems reasonable. Unless除 非 ： unless you give it back to me ,I will tell your parents. The more the more结 构本 质 ： the + 比 较 级 （ 主 谓 ） ， the + 比 较 级 （ 主 谓 ） ,前 者 是 状 语 从 句 ，后 者 是 主 句 。Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company tak
