1、大家网考研论坛http:/ 年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experienc
2、e. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not just in ways that emphasize competition. 4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-con
3、scious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 8 ，publishing newslette
4、rs with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need
5、the 12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 14 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on t
6、o 16 else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants 17 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.
7、 1. A thought B idea C opinion D advice 2. A strengthen B accommodate C stimulate D enhance 3. A care B nutrition C exercise D leisure4. A If B Although C Whereas D Because 5. A assistance B guidance C confidence D tolerance 6. A claimed B admired C ignored D surpassed 7. A improper B risky C fair D
8、 wise 大家网考研论坛http:/ A in effect B as a result C for example D in a sense 9. A displaying B describing C creating D exchanging 10. A durable B excessive C surplus D multiple11. A group B individual C personnel D corporation 12. A consent B insurance C admission D security 13. A particularly B barely
9、C definitely D rarely 14. A similar B long C different D short 15. A if only B now that C so that D even if 16. A everything B anything C nothing D something 17. A off B down C out D alone 18. A On the contrary B On the average C On the whole D On the other hand 19. A making B standing C planning D
10、taking 20. A capability B responsibility C proficiency D efficiencySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved t
11、he Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game” of espionagespying as a “profession.” These days the Net, w
12、hich has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well. The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for 大家网考研论坛http:/ In the past three or f
13、our years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner,
14、by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions，whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes mone
15、y by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at www.S.Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool
16、 for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a fo
17、rmer political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.” Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff member
18、s have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in
19、its independent voice.21. The emergence of the Net has . A received support from fans like Donovan B remolded the intelligence services C restored many common pastimes D revived spying as a profession22. Donovans story is mentioned in the text to .A introduce the topic of online spyingB show how he
20、fought for the USC give an episode of the information warD honor his unique services to the CIA23. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3) most probably means .A causing the biggest troubleB exerting the greatest effortC achieving the greatest successD enjoying the widest popular
21、ity大家网考研论坛http:/ It can be learned from paragraph 4 that .A straitfords prediction about Ukraine has proved trueB straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC straitfords business is characterized by unpredictability D straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25. Strait
22、ford is most proud of its .A official statusB nonconformist imageC efficient staffD military backgroundText 2 To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical resear
23、ch because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target b
24、iomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an anim
25、al rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animalsno meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they d
26、o, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.” Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Dont worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just dont understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understand
27、able wayin human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmothers hip replacement, a fathers bypass operation, a babys vaccinations, and even a pets shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to prod
28、uce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinf
29、ormation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should 大家网考研论坛http:/ recruit to its cause
30、not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical p
31、rogress.26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burkes words to .A call on scientists to take some actionsB criticize the misguided cause of animal rightsC warn of the doom of biomedical researchD show the triumph of the animal rights movement27. Misled people tend to think that using an anima
32、l in research is .A cruel but naturalB inhuman and unacceptableC inevitable but vicious D pointless and wasteful28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the publics .A discontent with animal researchB ignorance about medical scienceC indifference to epidemicsD anxiety about animal
33、rights29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates, scientists should .A communicate more with the public B employ hi-tech means in researchC feel no shame for their causeD strive to develop new cures30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .A a well-k
34、nown humanistB a medical practitionerC an enthusiast in animal rightsD a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for
35、under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost
36、 reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many 大家网考研论坛http:/ complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefo
37、re have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are
38、 being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long
39、run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many eco
40、nomists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently repres
41、ents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet r
42、ailroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the tr
43、ansaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because .A cost reduction is based on competition.B services call f
44、or cross-trade coordination.C outside competitors will continue to exist.D shippers will have the railway by the throat. 32. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?A Indifferent.B Supportive.C Indignant.D Apprehensive.33. It can be inferred from paragra
45、ph 3 that .大家网考研论坛http:/ shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.B there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.C overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.D a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34. The word “arbiters”(line 7,paragraph
46、4)most probably refers to those .A who work as coordinators.B who function as judges.C who supervise transactions.D who determine the price.35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by .A the continuing acquisition.B the growing traffic.C the cheering Wall Street.D the shrinking market.Text 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 3
