1、Passage 1No one prior to World War II more trenchantly analyzed the philosophical differences between utopians and realists than did E.H.Carr in his celebrated work, which, although published in 1939, did not have its impact in America until after World War II. Carr used the term utopians for ideali
2、sts who placed emphasis on international law and organization and on the influence of morality and public opinion in the affairs of nations. He probably did not intend the more pejorative connotation that attached to the term utopians after World War II as nave opponents of power politics expounded
3、by realists. Indeed, since the end of the Cold War, the idealist concept of the harmony of national interests in peace has received new attention in a more recent neoliberal-neorealist debate.The failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s cast doubt on the harmony of interest in peace, which app
4、eared to accord with the interests of satisfied, status-quo powers with democratic governments, but not with the perceived needs of revisionists, totalitarians, authoritarian states seeking boundary changes, enhanced status, greater power, and, especially in the case of Nazi Germany, revenge for the
5、 humiliation of the post-World War I settlement imposed by the Versailles treaty. Contrary to the utopian assumption, national self-determination did not always produce representative governments. Instead, the overthrow of the old monarchical order gave rise in many places, including Russia, to a mo
6、re pervasive and oppressive totalitarian states. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany set the stage for Adolph Hitlers invasion of Poland, the outbreak of World War II, the partition of Poland, and the absorption of Baltic states into the Soviet Union,
7、 all in flagrant contravention of the standards of international conduct set forth in utopian theory.1. Who took a strong analysis of the philosophical differences between utopians and realists?A. Adolph Hitler didB. E.H.Carr didC. Neorealist didD. Molotov did2. What did utopian mean in Carrs opinio
8、n? A. Idealists who placed emphasis on international law and organization and on the influence of morality and public opinion in the affairs of nations.B. Nave opponents of power politics.C. Status-quo powersD. Revisionists.3. What is the consequence of national self-determination?A. Producing repre
9、sentative governments.B. Giving rise to a more pervasive and oppressive totalitarian states.C. Both A and BD. Sometimes A, sometimes B.4. What was the influence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939?A. to set the stage for Adolph Hitlers invasion of PolandB. leading to the outbreak of World
10、War IIC. a cause of the partition of PolandD. all of A,B and C5. Which one can serve as the title of this passage?A. Post-World War II RealismB. Post-World War II UtopiansC. E.H.Carr and the Crisis of World PoliticsD. The Influence of Versailles Treatypassage 2Beyond marking the seasons, the chief i
11、nterests that actuated the Babylonian astronomer in his observations were astrological. After quoting Diodorus to the effect that the Babylonian priests observed the position of certain stars in order to cast horoscopes, Thompson tells us that from a very early day the very name Chaldean became syno
12、nymous with magician. He adds that “from Mesopotamia, by way of Greece and Rome, a certain amount of Babylonian astrology made its way among the nations of the west, and it is quite probable that many superstitions which we commonly record as the peculiar product of western civilization took their o
13、rigin from those of the early dwellers on the alluvial lands of Mesopotamia. One Assurbanipal, king of Assyria B.C. 668-626, added to the royal library at Nineveh his contribution of tablets, which included many series of documents which related exclusively to the astrology of the ancient Babylonian
14、s, who in turn had borrowed it with modifications from the Sumerian invaders of the country. Among these must be mentioned the series which was commonly called the Day of Bel, and which was decreed by the learned to have been written in the time of the great Sargon I., king of Agade, 3800 B.C. With
15、such ancient works as these to guide them, the profession of deducing omens from daily events reached such a pitch of importance in the last Assyrian Empire that a system of making periodical reports came into being. By these the king was informed of all the occurrences in the heavens and on earth,
16、and the results of astrological studies in respect to after events. The heads of the astrological profession were men of high rank and position, and their office was hereditary. The variety of information contained in these reports is best gathered from the fact that they were sent from cities as fa
17、r removed from each other as Assur in the north and Erech in the south, and it can only be assumed that they were despatched by runners, or men mounted on swift horses. As reports also came from Dilbat, Kutba, Nippur, and Bursippa, all cities of ancient foundation, the king was probably well acquain
18、ted with the general course of events in his empire.“1. What actuated the Babylonian astronomer?A. Marking the seasonsB. AstrologyC. Both A and BD. Neither of A and B2. Where, according to Thompson , did many superstitions of western civilization originate from? A. NinevehB. BabyloniaC. AssurD. Erec
19、h3. How was the social status of an astrologer at that time?A. Of high social statusB. Of middle social statusC. Of low social statusD. It wasnt mentioned in the passage.4. How was the king acquainted with the general course of events in his empire?A. By periodical reports of astrology from the citi
20、es of the empire.B. By scientific reports from specialists.C. By rumorsD. By making a tour in disguise5. What does the author mainly talk about in this passage?A. astronomyB. physicsC. meteorologyD. astrologypassage 3Mr Malthus very correctly defines, “the rent of land to be that portion of the valu
21、e of the whole produce which remains to the owner, after all the outgoings belonging to its cultivation, ofwhatever kind, have been paid, including the profits of the capital employed, estimated according to the usual and ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock at the time being.“Whenever
22、, then, the usual and ordinary rate of the profits of agricultural stock, and all the outgoings belonging to the cultivation of land, are together equal to the value of the whole produce, there can be no rent.And when the whole produce is only equal in value to the outgoings necessary to cultivation
23、, there can neither be rent nor profit.In the first settling of a country rich in fertile land, and which may be had by any one who chooses to take it, the whole produce, after deducting the outgoings belonging to cultivation, will be the profits of capital, and will belong to the owner of such capi
24、tal, without any deduction whatever for rent.Thus, if the capital employed by an individual on such land were of the value of two hundred quarters of wheat, of which half consisted of fixed capital, such as buildings, implements, that is, facts about politics are given, but opinions are not expresse
25、d. Art, on the other hand, is subjective: it reflects emotions and opinions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya was perhaps the first truly “political“ artist. In his well-known painting The Third of May 1080, he criticized the Spanish government for its misuse of power over people. Over a hun
26、dred years later, symbolic images were used in Pablo Picassos Guernica to express the horror of war. Meanwhile, on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rivera, Jose Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros-as well as the works of Alfredo Ramos Martinze-depicted these Mexican artists
27、 deep anger and sadness about social problems.In the same way, art can reflect a cultures religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was almost the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings that depicted people and stories
28、 from the Bible. Although most people couldnt read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on church walls. By contrast, one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its absence of human and animal images. This reflects the Islamic (伊斯兰教的) belief
29、 that statues are unholy.1.More can be learned about a culture from a study of art history than from general history classes because art history_ .A) shows us the religious and emotions of a people in addition to political valuesB) provides us with information about the daily activities of people in
30、 the pastC) gives us an insight into the essential qualities of a time and a placeD) all of the above2.Art is subjective in that_ .A) a personal and emotional view of history is presented through itB) it can easily arouse our anger or sadness about social problemsC) it will find a ready echo in our
31、heartsD) both B and C3.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A) Unlike Francisco Goya, Pablo Picasso and several Mexican artists expressed their political opinions in their paintings.B) History books often reveal the compilers political views.C) Religious art remained in
32、 Europe for centuries the only type of art because most people regarded the Bible as the Holy Book.D) In the Middle East even today you can hardly find any human and animal images on church walls or religious buildings.4.The passage is mainly discussing _.A) the difference between general history an
33、d art historyB) the making of art historyC) what we can learn from artD) the influence of artists on art history5.It may be concluded from this passage that_ .A) Islamic artists had to create architectural decoration with images of flowers or geometric formsB) history teachers are more objective tha
34、n artistsC) it is more difficult to study art history than general historyD) people and stories from the Bible were painted on churches and other buildings in order to popularize the BiblePassage 10If women are mercilessly exploited year-round, they have only themselves to blame. Because they trembl
35、e at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman is capa
36、ble of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot aff
37、ord to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; necklines are lowered or raised, and so on.No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely c
38、oncerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smile at t
39、he sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflec
40、t basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.1. Designers and big stores always make money_A) by mercilessly
41、exploiting women workers in the clothing industryB) because they are capable of predicting new fashionsC) by constantly changing the fashions in womens clothingD) because they attach great importance to quality in womens clothing2. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses
42、 is seen as_A) a waste of money B) a waste of timeC) an expression of taste D) an expression of creativity3. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _of clothingA) cost B) appearance C) comfort D) suitability4. According to the passage, which of the following
43、 statements is TRUE?A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of womenB) The constant changes in womens clothing reflect their strength of characterC) The fashion industry make an important contribution to societyD) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they ar
44、e only welcomed by women.5. By saying “the conclusions to be drawn are obvious” (lines 1-2, Para.4) the writer means that_A) womens inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at B) women are better able to put up with discomfortC) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designersD) m
45、en are more stable and reliable in characterPassage 11Taste is such a subjective matter that we dont usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyones preference is that its one persons opinion. But because the two big cola companies-Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed
46、so aggressively, weve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either
47、 Coca-Cola Classic or Pepsi, Diet Coke, or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought theyd have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular cola
48、s for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not
49、too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse - only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the partici
