1、英国文学Alliteration: 押头韵 repetition of the initial sounds（不一定是首字母）Allegory: 寓言 a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Allusion: 典故 a reference in a literary work to person, place etc. often to well-known characters or events.Archetype: 原型Irony: 反讽 intended meaning is the op
2、posite of what is statedBlack humor: 黑色幽默 Metaphor: 暗喻 Ballad: 民谣 about the folk logeEpic: 史诗 in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes.Romance: 罗曼史/骑士文学 is a popular literary form in the medieval England./ChivalryEuphuism: 夸饰文体 This kind of style consists of two d
3、istinct elements. The first is abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations and other artificial prosodic means. The second element is the use of odd similes and comparisons.Spenserian stanza: It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line
4、 in iambic hexameter. 斯宾塞诗节新诗体，每一节有 9 排，前 8 排是抑扬格五步格诗，第 9 排是抑扬格六步格诗。The Faerie Queene Conceit: 奇特的比喻 is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. 不像的事物Sonnet: 十四行诗 a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a def
5、inite rhyme scheme.Blank verse: 无韵体诗 written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Elegy 挽歌The Heroic Couplet: 英雄对偶句Lyric: 抒情诗 is a short poem that expresses the poets thoughts and emotion or illustrates some life principle. often concerns love. A red, red Rose. Byronic Hero: refers to a proud, mysterious r
6、ebel figure of noble origin.Stream of Consciousness: 意识流 the author tells the story through the freely flowing thoughts and associations of one of the characters. James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are two major advocates of this technique.Renaissance: 文艺复兴 14-15th, originated in Italy, encouraged the r
7、eformation of the Church and humanism.Humanism: 人文主义 it is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Metaphysical poetry: 玄学派诗歌 it is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of Joh
8、n Donne. With the rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple. John Donne, George Herbert. The Enlightenment Movement: 启蒙运动 18th century flourished in France. Enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philos
9、ophical and artistic ideas. reason, rationality, equality and science and universal education. John Dryden, Alexander Pope.Neoclassicism: 新古典主义 17-18th centuries of classical standards of standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson.Sentimentalism: 感伤主义 18 世
10、纪 60-80 年代，came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence.The Graveyard School: 墓畔派 whose poems are mostly devote to sentimental lamentations or meditation on li
11、fe, past and present, with death and graveyard as theme.Romanticism: 浪漫主义 mid-18th century, strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism. romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.Lake Poets: 湖畔派诗人 refers to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Tayl
12、or Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. Critical Realism: 批判现实主义 applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. criticize capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint but did not find a way to eradicate social evils. concerned about the fate of
13、common people and described what was faithful to reality. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Modernism: 现代主义 began in the late 19th century and flourish until 1950. concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective, mainly concerned with the inner w
14、orld of an individual.美国文学American Puritanism: 清教徒主义 accept the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement.American Romanticism: 美国浪漫主义 subjectivity 主观性 emphasis on individualismpersonal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness back to medieval, esp medieva
15、l folk literature back to nature 回归自然Transcendentalism: 超验主义 Began in New England around 1830, spokesman was R. W. Emerson, mans capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach the traditional five senses, he can also learn spontaneously, out of his soul or in
16、stincts. Four sources: Unitarianism, Romantic Idealism, Oriental mysticism, puritanism.Free Verse: 自由诗体 has no regular rhythm or line length and depends on natural speech rhythmsAmerican Realism: Actualities of everyday life, moral and social effects of writing. It concerns for common place and the
17、low, offers an objective view. three dominant figures, Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.Local Color: Speech and customs peculiar to one particular place, an indigenous and distinctive little world. Hamlin Garland, Willa Cather, and Sarah Orne Jewette are three representatives.American Naturalism
18、: is evolved from realism when the authors tome in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.Imagism: 意象派 It was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japanese literature ”haiku”. An image is defined by Pound. 强调诗要具体，避免抽象，意向比喻要非常准确。Th
19、e Lost Generation: Got the name in the 1920s. Gertrude Stein used it to refer those young American expatriates who had traumatic war experience, strong sense of loss, confusion and despair after the first World War. Pound, Hemingway, Fitzgerald are the representatives.The Harlem Renaissance: In the
20、1920s in America, there was an upsurge of Black literature, popularly known as the “Harlem Renaissance”, out of which such eminent literary figures as Langston Hughes grew. He and other black playwrights, poets and novelists presented new insights into the American experience and prepared the way fo
21、r the emergence of black writers after mid-20th century.Black humor: Baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world play out their roles in a “tragic farce,” in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Examples are Joseph Hellers Catch-22 (1961), and Thomas Pynchons V (1963)
