1、Book One,Unit 8,Book One,Content,Warming-up,Reading,Writing,Text A,Text B,Book One,Group Discussion,Do you know how the Internet business earns money or where their profit comes from? Can you name a few leading figures in computer technology?What specific business are they engaged in? Have you ever
2、heard of any Internet billionaires donating their fortune to the charity? Please give some examples, both home and abroad.,Book One,BILLION-DOLLAR BABIES James Fallows,Book One,ReadingText A,Text Study,Main Idea & Structure,Sentence Analysis,Language Points,Useful Expressions,Text Translation,Book O
3、ne,Main Idea and Structure,First reading: Scan the text and try to catch the main idea. The following words are for your reference to organize the idea:three waves; computer industry; wealth created; typical companies; Internet industry; remarkable; speed; way,Second reading: read the passage again
4、and try to identify the structure of this passage.,For your reference,For your reference,Book One,This article introduces the three waves of the development of computer industry and the wealth created. Typical companies are also given as examples to illustrate its fortune-creation effect. As the thi
5、rd wave, Internet industry is the most remarkable for the speed it brings up fortunes and the way it changes computer business.,Main Idea,Book One,Structure,Para. 4-5,Para. 6-7,Para. 1-3,Para. 8-11,Main idea:,Main idea:,Main idea:,Main idea:,The first wave ofcomputer industryemerged in the 1960s and
6、 1970s. During this period, many companies produced hardware product and madelots of money (HP, DELL, Intel, Apple, Cisco, etc).,The second wave of wealth creation involved software and created several largest fortunes in the world. (Microsoft, Oracle, etc).,The technical process of the Internet and
7、 the creation of the World Wide Web, which is the third wave of computer industry.,The internet industry has created some great fortunes and they mostly consist of tech-company stock.,Book One,Text Study,Book One,1 The recent boom in technological advances, formation of new businesses, and personal
8、fortunes is the third, and most dramatic wave generated by the computer industry in the last twenty-five years. The first wave involved tangible products“hardware”, as opposed to the computer programs that constitute software. In the 1960s and 1970s companies in the Santa Clara Valley, between San J
9、ose and San Francisco, produced silicon memory chips for computersthus the name Silicon Valley. Then they produced silicon logic chips, which direct a computers operation. Then many produced computers as well. 2 The great fortunes from the hardware era include those of the Hewlett and Packard famili
10、es, of Hewlett-Packard, which started making money in the pre-silicon era, with scientific instruments. The Packard Foundation, with assets of $ 10 billion, recently overtook the Ford Foundation as the nations third-largest private foundation. The dominant hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, who
11、se Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers other than the Macintosh. The assets of Gordon Moore, one of Intels,Para. 1-2,Book One,Para. 2-4,founders are estimated to be worth $15 billion, making him the tenth-richest person in the country. Apple, the first famous perso
12、nal-computer company, is still based in Silicon Valley. So is Sun Microsystems, a hybrid hardware-software company whose products are used to run many Internet sites and which therefore has been enjoying boom times. Other nearby hardware companies that provide the necessary physical components for t
13、he Internet include Cisco Systems and 3Com. 3 But the largest fortune based on hardware is that of Michael Dell, of Austin, Texas. At age thirty-four, owing to the success of his Dell Computers, he is the fifth-richest man in America, after three Microsoft executives and Warren Buffett, with assets
14、of $ 20 billion. 4 The second wave of wealth creation involved software “application” software that people use for work or recreation, like word-processing programs or computer games, and “systems”,Book One,Para. 4-5,software used to run businesses or, very often, computer networks themselves. The d
15、ifference between software and hardware provides a classic illustration of what economists mean by “increasing returns to scale”. Because the cost of producing additional units of softwarethe “marginal cost”is extremely low, once you become the market leader in a field, your profits grow astronomica
16、lly. 5 Microsofts unparalleled profit margin has given it the highest stock valuation of any company in the world, nearly $ 500 billion. It has created three of the five largest personal fortunes in the world. Apart from its effect on the stock market, it has produced an estimated ten thousand milli
17、onaires, mainly in the Seattle area. The strongest software company after Microsoft is probably Oracle, which makes the database software used to manage information at many Internet sites.,Book One,Para. 6,6 But both the hardware and the software revolutions were, in their wealth-creating effects, s
18、low to emerge compared to what is underway now because of the Internet. Less than ten years ago, Tim Berners-Lee, a British physicist working at the research center CERN in Geneva, invented a scheme for linking data on a particular subject, or series of subjects, that were stored on different comput
19、ers in different places. The Internet had existed for two decades before that, as a communications channel mainly among big computers at universities and research centers. But Berners-Lee took the crucial step in making information on the Internet easy to find and use, through creation of the World
20、Wide Web. Berners-Lee helped bring this about by writing the specifications for three basic elements of the Webs operation. One is the “uniform resource locator”, or URL. Another is “hypertext markup language”, or HTML, a way to describe how a website should look on screen, and also a way to build “
21、links” that will take a user to another site when clicked. The third is “hypertext transfer protocol”, or HTTP, which controls the flow of information from the sites to the users computer.,Book One,Para. 7-8,7 Six years ago, the first commercial “browsers” to aid navigation through the World Wide We
22、b appeared. A stillborn effort called Mosaic was followed by Netscape Navigator. Less than five years ago, in May 1995, Bill Gates suddenly recognized the way the Web might change the computer business and sent a memo called “The Internet Tidal Wave” to his lieutenants at Microsoft, saying that he n
23、ow gave the Internet “the highest level of importance”. The companys strategy for developing products shifted within months, to create a browser that could compete with Netscapes and to make its other programs “Web-friendly”. 8 Then, in August 1995, Netscape had the initial public offering for its s
24、tock, the beginning of the subsequent Net IPO boom. It is hard to think of the four-plus years since then as making up a distinct historic era, but most of the great Internet fortunes have been amassed during just that period. These include the holdings of Jeff Bezos, creator of Amazon. com ($ 78 bi
25、llion); David Filo and Jerry Yang, of Yahoo ($ 3.7 billion each); etc.,Book One,Para. 9-10,9 The only thing more remarkable than how quickly these fortunes have arisen is how inexplicable some of them seem. Only a few Internet ventures have anything quite as crude as a business model in which revenu
26、e exceeds expenses. America Onlinewhich gives access to e-mail and the Internetgenerates profits because it charges subscribers $ 21.95 a month. The online auction site e-Bay is also profitable, because it charges a commission each time buyers and sellers conclude a deal on its site. But most of tod
27、ays Internet companies have substantial short-term losses, which stock market investors typically assume will turn into profits in some never-quite-arriving “Year Three” of the business plan. 10 Theories vary about where these profits will come from. Perhaps from online advertisingif anyone can figu
28、re out how to make it as attractive as ads in glossy magazines, or as unavoidable as ads on TV. Perhaps from some system of “microroyalties”, which will overcome the marked . of Web users to pay for information they retrieve.,Book One,11 Thin as these rationales for profitability may ultimately prov
29、e to be, so far theyve been sufficient to make many people very rich. Virtually all of this wealth consists of tech-company stock, and ten years from now some or much of it may have melted away. But there is so much new wealth that some will remain. And there will be so much left over after even the
30、 wildest personal-consumption fantasies have been satisfied that it could eventually have great public impact. A few of the tech leaders feel confident enough in the performance of their wealth to have formed personal foundations and started making grants. But it is not yet clear whether the new Int
31、ernet elite will choose to have the lasting legacy that earlier moguls did. Will the Internet billionaires do what it takes, through philanthropy, to be remembered the way Rockefeller, Carnegie, Mellon, Guggenheim, Morgan, and Ford are? Or will their model be Jay Gould?,Para. 11,Book One,Sentence An
32、alysis,Book One,1. (Para. 2, Line 4-6) The dominant hardware company of the 1990s is Intel, whose Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers other than the Macintosh. dominant: ruling or controlling; exerting authority other than: exceptParaphrase: 译文：,90年代占统治地位的硬件公司是Inte
33、l公司，它所制作的奔腾和其他一些处理芯片用于除Macintosh之外的大多数个人计算机。,In the 1990s Intel was the controlling hardware company, its Pentium and other processing chips are used in most personal computers except the Macintosh.,Book One,2. (Para. 5, Line 1-2) Microsofts unparalleled profit margin has given it the highest stock
34、valuation of any company in the world, nearly 500 billion. unparalleled: not equaled or matched; unique; peerless margin: share of profit in the total revenue of a company 利润率 Paraphrase:译文：,微软公司举世无双的利润率已雄踞全世界所有公司股票值之首，接近5,000亿美元。,Microsofts profit margin is so high that there is no other company wh
35、ose profit margin can compete with it. And this high profit margin has made Microsoft the company with highest stock value in the world, about 500 billion dollars.,Book One,3. (Para. 6, Line 1-2) But both the hardware and the software revolutions were, in their wealth-creating effects, slow to emerg
36、e compared to what is underway now because of the Internet. The main structure of the sentence: “ were slow to emerge”， while “in their wealth-creating effects” and “compared to what is underway now because of the Internet” are modifier. compared to/with: in comparison or contrast with; as opposed t
37、o. underway: on starting; being in the course.Paraphrase:译文：,但是无论是硬件革命还是软件革命，与现在因特网上所发生的情况相比，其财富创造的影响力都显得非常缓慢。,But compared with the wealth-creating effect of the internet, both the hardware and the software revolutions were slow.,Book One,4. (Para. 11, Line 2-3) Virtually all of this wealth consist
38、s of tech-company stock, and ten years from now some or much of it may have melted away.virtually: In fact or to all purposes; practically 事实上 consists of: be made up of 由组成 melt away: disappear gradually (逐渐) 消失Paraphrase: 译文：,实际上所有这些财富都是由技术公司股组成的，在今后10年中，其中的一些股份或大多数股份会逐渐散失。,In fact all this wealth
39、 is made up of stock of technical companies. And some or a large part of this wealth is likely to disappear in ten year from now.,Book One,5. (Para. 11, Line 6-7) A few of the tech leaders feel confident enough in the performance of their wealth to have formed personal foundations and started making
40、 grants.The main structure of the sentence: “leaders feel confident enough to have formed.and started.”, “formed” and “started” are paralleled verbs. make grants (to): give a sum of money, or a track of land as a privilege to a worthy cause. Paraphrase: 译文：,一些技术公司的领导者对他们的财富感到信心十足，他们已建立个人基金并开始运作。,Som
41、e leaders of these technology companies is very confident in the performance of their wealth and they have started running their personal foundations.,Book One,Language Points,Book One,amass,vt. to gather together for oneself, as for ones pleasure or profit; accumulate 积聚，积累e.g. He is planed to amas
42、s a fortune for a rainy day. 他正打算积蓄财富以备不时之需。That country has amassed foreign debt. 该国外债成堆。vt. gather or heap together 把聚成堆 e.g. amass the wool into a large ball 把羊毛团成一个大球,Book One,n. a valuable item that is owned (常用复数) 资产 e.g. He has invested half of his assets in gold. 他把自己资产的一半投资于黄金。Statement of
43、assets and liability 资产负债表 liquid assets 流动资产illiquidl assets 非流动资产n. valuable quality, person, or thing 宝贵（或有益的）的人（或东西） e.g. He is a national asset. 他可是国宝。,asset,Book One,vt. suppose; to take for granted 假设，假定，想当然地认为，臆断 e.g. I assume that you have heard of the news. 想必你已经听到了消息。 He assumed the repor
44、t to be valid.他猜那份报告是可靠的。vt. to undertake the duties of; to take upon oneself 承担，担任，就职 e.g. assume an obligation 承担义务 assume ones post 就职,assume,Book One,boom,n. a sudden increase, atime of economic prosperity 快速发展，（经济、工业等繁荣）繁荣（期） e.g. a business boom 商业繁荣 a big travel boom 旅游大发展 baby boom 婴儿潮vi. to
45、 grow or develop rapidly; flourish 暴涨，激增，繁荣，迅速发展 e.g. Stocks may boom today, but drop tomorrow. 股票可能今天暴涨，明天又下跌。Chinas economy is booming. 中国经济正在蓬勃发展。,Book One,n. the state of being reluctant; unwillingness 勉强；不情愿 e.g. He said this with great reluctance. 他极为为难地这么说。形容词形式：reluctant reluctant: 1. unwill
46、ing; disinclined 不情愿的；不愿意的e.g. reluctant to help 不情愿帮忙2. exhibiting or marked by unwillingness 勉强的 e.g. a reluctant smile 勉强的微笑,reluctance,Book One,vt. to find and carry back; fetch 找回；取来 e.g. some dogs can be trained to retrieve game. 有些狗可以被训练来衔回猎物。I ran back to my room and retrieved my bag. 我跑回房间取
47、回自己的提包。vt.obtain information (stored in computer, etc.) （计算机）检索 e.g. I have to retrieve some data. 我得检索些数据。vt. regain possession of 使恢复，使再生 e.g. retrieve ones position 恢复立场 retrieve ones spirits 重振精神 retrieve ones fortune 重新聚敛财产,retrieve,Book One,subsequent,adj.following in order or time; subsequent
48、 相随的；随后的 (+to) e.g. subsequent action 随后的行动The story will be continued in subsequent issues of the magazine. 后面的几期杂志将继续连载这篇小说。On the day subsequent to his visit, she disappeared.他访问的第二天，她失踪了。,Book One,substantial,adj. having substance or capable of being treated as fact; not imaginary 真实的，实在的 e.g. P
49、eople and things are substantial; dreams and ghosts are not.人和事物是真实的；梦和鬼魂是虚幻的。adj. of solid material or structure 坚固的，结实的 e.g. The house is substantial enough to last a hundred years.这房子很坚固，一百年也不会坏。adj. ample; sustaining 丰富的；大量的 e.g. I had a substantial meal.我饱餐了一顿。,Book One,adj. of real importance, value or validity 内容充实的, 有价值的, 重要的 e.g. They made substantial changes.他们作了重大改变。made a substantial contribution 做出了重大贡献,Book One,Useful Expressions,Book One,apart from,
