1、英国文学 1 复习提纲I. 作家作品连线( 10 points)II. 文学常识填空( 10 points)III. 名词解释 ( 10 points)Renaissance 文艺复兴a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompas
2、sed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Historians often argue this intellectual transformation was a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern
3、era. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.Neoclassicism新古典主义In the 18th century in English
4、 literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. The tendency is known as neoclassicism. The neoclassicists modeled themselves after the Greek and Latin authors, and tried to guide literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek
5、and Latin works.Rhymed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities of time, place and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation of types rather than individuals were some of the standards the classicists required of drama. Poetry should be lyric, epic, didactic, satiric or drama
6、tic, and each class should be guided by its own principles. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. The representatives are Pope and Samuel Johnson. Enlightenment启蒙主义运动It was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at th
7、e time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science.Humanism人文主义Most generall
8、y, any philosophy concerned to emphasize human welfare and dignity,and either optimistic about the powers of human reason, or at least insistent that we have no alternative but to use it as best we can. The term is most commonly applied to the cultural movement in Renaissance Europe characterized by
9、 a revival of Classical letters, an individualistic and critical spirit, and a shift of emphasis from religious to secular concerns. This movement dates to the 13th century. Its diffusion was facilitated by the publication of Classical ideas, both in the vernacular and in Latin.Sentimentalism感伤主义Sen
10、timentalism is the practice of being sentimental, or the tendency to be governed by feelings instead of reason. As a literary mode, sentimentalism has been a recurring aspect of world literature, and is important to the traditions of India, China, and Vietnam.European sentimentalism arose during the
11、 Age of Enlightenment, partly as a response to sentimentalism in philosophy. In eighteenth-century England, the sentimental novel was a major literary genre.Sentimentalism in philosophy and sentimentalism in literature are sometimes hard to distinguish. As the philosophical arguments developed, the
12、literature soon tried to emulate by putting the philosophical into practice through narration and characters. As a result, it is common to observe both philosophical and literary movements simultaneously in discourse.The literary work often featured scenes of distress and tenderness, and the plot wa
13、s arranged to advance emotions rather than action. The result was a valorization of “fine feeling,“ displaying the characters as a model for refined, moral and emotional effect. Sentimentalism in literature was also often used as a medium through which authors could promote their own agendasimplorin
14、g readers to empathize with the problems they are dealing with in their books.Blank verse 无韵体poems of unrhymed lines, usually written in iambic pentameter. Because the poems are unrhymed, the rhyme scheme is “blank”, hence the name. Flourished in mid -16th century.IV. 简答 ( 10 points)1. features of G
15、othic novels1. Setting: castles of the Middle Ages2. Typical story: the persecution of a beautiful lady by a villain3. Principal aim: evoke terror by exploiting mystery and terror4. Language: exaggeration and emotional language 2.What do Shakespeares tragedies reflect? His tragedies have some charac
16、teristic in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.1. a period of gloom and sorrow (personal 2. plain and direct language (colloquial instead of coarse)3
17、.realistic style with an exact journalistic account of daily life;4. first-person narration in time order;5.loose structure and less vivid portrayal of characters.5.features of metaphysical poems6.Chaucers contributionFor the first time in English literature, Chaucer presented to usa comprehensive r
18、ealistic picture of the English society of his timea whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life He introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse. He used for the first time in English the rhymed couplet of iam
19、bic pentameter抑扬格五音步押韵对句-heroic couplet英雄对偶句V. 阅读理解与赏析 ( 30 points)Shakespeares Sonnet 18 they represent certain types; they are individuals representing certain types. By employing a psychoanalytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters inner world. Shakespeare also portrays h
20、is characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters. B. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot; instead, he borrows them from old plays or storybooks, from ancient Greek or Roman sources. In order to make the play more lively and compact, he would shorten the
21、time and intensify the story. There are usually several clues running through the play, thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension.C. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic forms, such as the sonnet, the blank verse and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old words also creates striking effects on the reader. VII. 英译汉 ( 10 points)
