1、国际法案例分析姓 名： 黄双丽 学 号： 1521020310 学 院： 外语学院 班 级：15 级 E+法学 01 班 国际法案例分析报告One day, Sam plays back his telephone answer machine and hears a message from Donald, the builder withdrawing his earlier offer to build a patio for 2,000. Sam had e-mailed his acceptance of Donalds offer 3 days previously. Howeve
2、r, unknown to Sam, he mistyped Donalds e-mail address and his acceptance never arrived at its intended destination.案情简述：有一天，山姆打开他的电话答录机听到了一个来自唐纳德的消息，唐纳德要求撤销他先前要为山姆建设一个价格为 2000 英镑的露台的要约。其实，山姆在三天之前已经发了邮件给唐纳德，表示自己接受这个要约。但是，山姆弄错了唐纳德的邮箱地址，这个表示接受的邮件永远不会到达唐纳德的邮箱里。案情分析：首先是唐纳德对山姆提出了一个要约，要约的内容为唐纳德想要为山姆建造一个露台。
3、山姆表示接受要约，但是他把唐纳德先生的邮箱搞错了，所以表示接受要约的意思表示没有到达唐纳德。Case analysis: Firstly, Donald provided an offer to Sam, which is about that Donald was trying to build a terrace for Sam. Sam accepted the offer. But he mistook Donalds mail box. So the offer that Sam accepted did not reach Donalds mail box.根据合同法第十六条：“要
4、约到达受要约人时生效。 ”在案件中，唐纳德的要约已经到达了受要约人山姆，所以此要约是生效的。According to Article 16 Effectiveness of Offer, Offer through Electronic Message.An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. In this case, Donalds offer has reached Sam, so the offer is effective.根据合同法第十八条：“要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人
5、。 ”此案件中，由于受要约人山姆发出的承诺通知没有到达唐纳德，所以唐纳德可以对要约进行撤销，即要约的撤销。According to Article 18 Revocation of OfferAn offer may be revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance. In this case, Donald could withdraw the offer. Because the notice of promise made
6、 by the offeror, Sam, did not reach Donald.Question 1: Is Donald entitled to withdraw its offer to build a patio for Sam? Why?问题 1：唐纳德是否有权撤销为山姆建造露台的要约，并说明理由。答案 1：唐纳德有权撤销该要约。根据合同法第十八条：“要约可以撤销。撤销要约的通知应当在受要约人发出承诺通知之前到达受要约人。 ”此案件中，由于受要约人山姆发出的承诺通知没有到达唐纳德，所以唐纳德可以对要约进行撤销，即要约的撤销。Answer 1: Donald is entitled
7、 to withdraw its offer to build a patio for Sam. The reason is as follows:According to Article 18 Revocation of OfferAn offer may be revoked. The notice of revocation shall reach the offeree before it has dispatched a notice of acceptance. In this case, Donald could withdraw the offer. Because the n
8、otice of promise made by the offeror, Sam, did not reach Donald.Later on that day , Sam receives a call on his cellphone from Sally who offers to sell him her piano for 3,500. Sam is very anxious to purchase the piano, but in response to the offer he says to SallyIll give you3000 for the piano. Sall
9、y refuses to bargain with Sam and tells him bluntly that the price is 3,500 if he wants to get the piano. Two hours later, Sam phones Sally agreeing to pay 3,500, but he is somewhat shocked to be told by Sally that she is no longer interested in dealing with him and someone else is coming over to lo
10、ok at the piano.案情简述：山姆接到了一个来自萨莉的电话，萨莉说要以 3500英镑的价格把自己的钢琴卖给山姆。虽然山姆很想买这架钢琴，但是他说他想要一 3000 英镑的价格买萨莉的钢琴。萨莉拒绝与山姆讨价还价，并且告诉山姆她的钢琴出价就是 3500 英镑。两个小时以后，山姆打电话给萨莉说自己愿意以 3500 英镑的价格买她的钢琴，但是萨莉却说她不愿意与山姆 交易了，而且有另外一个人正赶过来看这架钢琴。案情分析：Case analysis:Question 2: Can Sam insist that Sally sell the piano to him for 3,500? W
11、hy?问题 2：山姆可以坚持让萨莉把钢琴以 3500 英镑的价格把钢琴卖给他吗？并说明理由。答案 2：不能；理由如下：Answer 2: He can not. The reason is as follows:首先是，萨莉通过电话向山姆发了一个要约，表示愿意把自己的钢琴以 3500 英镑的价格卖给山姆，但是山姆表示自己只想要出 3000 英镑买这架钢琴。民法总则对意思表示的生效规则作了规定，以对话方式作出的意思表示，相对人知道其内容时生效。而对话方式作出的意思表示，是指通过面对面的谈话或者手语、电话或者在线即时通讯方式作出的意思表示。First, Sally sent an offer to
12、 Sam over the phone, promising to sell her piano to Sam for 3500, but Sam said he wanted to spend 3,000 in buying the piano. The general rule of civil law enacts the declaration of intention which is expressed in a conversational manner becomes effective when they know the content. Declaration of in
13、tention by conversations refers to the means of expression through face-to-face conversation or sign language, telephone or online instant messaging.根据合同法第二十条 有下列情形之一的，要约失效：（一）拒绝要约的通知到达要约人；（二）要约人依法撤销要约；（三）承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺；（四）受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。 Article 20 Extinguishment of OfferAn offer is extinguish
14、ed in any of the following circumstances:(i) The notice of rejection reaches the offeror;(ii) The offeror lawfully revokes the offer;(iii) The offeree fails to dispatch its acceptance at the end of the period for acceptance;(iv) The offeree makes a material change to the terms of the offer.本条是对要约失效的
15、规定。要约的失效，也可以称为要约的消灭或者要约的终止，指要约丧失法律效力，要约人与受要约人均不再受其约束。要约人不再承担接受承诺的义务，受要约人亦不再享有通过承诺使合同得以成立的权利。This section provides for the invalidation of an offer.The failure of the offer can also be called the eradication of the offer,the termination of the offer or the loss of legal effect of the offer. It means
16、the offeror and the offere are no longer bound by it. The offeror no longer bears the obligation to accept the promise, and the offender no longer enjoys the right to promise the contract to be established.根据合同法第二十一条：“承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示” 。According to Article 21 Definition of AcceptanceAn acceptance i
17、s the offerees manifestation of intention to assent to an offer.此案件中，山姆不同意以 3500 英镑的价格买萨莉的钢琴。双方通过电话作出的意思表示，所以当山姆拒绝以 3500 英镑买萨莉的钢琴时，他们之间的要约失效。In this case, Sam did not agree to buy Sallys piano for 3500. As the two sides had a conversation by telephone, when Sam refused to buy Sallys piano for 3500,
18、the offer was no longer valid.作为使合同得以成立生效的承诺，必须具备一定的条件：承诺必须由受要约人作出；承诺须向要约人作出；承诺的内容必须与要约保持一致（承诺必须是对要约完全的、单纯的同意） ；承诺必须在要约的有效期内作出。承诺如果对要约的内容进行实质性变更，不能构成承诺而应视为新的要约。If a promise want to come into effect, certain conditions must be met. The promise must be made by the offeree; the promise must be made to
19、the offeror; the promise must be consistent with the offer (the promise must be a complete, mere consent to the offer ) ; Commitments must be made within the validity of the offer. If a commitment has a material change in the offer, the offer should be considered to be a new offer.同时山姆提出想要以 3000 英镑的
20、价格买萨莉的钢琴，这可以看成是山姆对萨莉发出的新的要约，因为它改变之前要约的实质性内容，所以应当是一个新要约。但是此时萨莉也是立即拒绝了，所以他们之间的要约失效，对他们双方没有拘束力。即使两个小时之后山姆想要以 3500 英镑的价格购买钢琴，萨莉也可以拒绝。因此，山姆不能要求萨莉以 3500 英镑的价格把钢琴卖给他。At the same time, Sams proposal to buy Sallys piano for 3,000 could be seen as Sams new offer to Sally. Because it changed the substance of t
21、he previous offer, it should be a new offer. But at this moment, Sally immediately rejected it, so the offer between them lapsed and they were not bound by both parties. Even if Sam wants to buy the piano for 3500 two hours later, Sally can refuse. Therefore, Sam can not ask Sally to sell the piano
22、for 3500.Question 3:If Sam agrees promptly to pay 3,500 rather than trying to pay 3,000 for the piano offered by Sally, does there exist an enforceable contract between them, why?问题 3：如果山姆立即同意了以 3500 英镑买萨莉的钢琴而不是以 3000 英镑的价格，那么他们之间存在一个可强制执行的合同吗？答案 3：存在；理由如下：Answer 3: There exists an enforceable contr
23、act between them. The reason is as follows.根据合同法第八条：“依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。 ”“依法成立的合同，受法律保护。 ”According to Article 8 Binding Effect; Legal ProtectionA lawfully formed contract is legally binding on the parties. 根据合同法第二十三条关于承诺期限的规定：“承诺应当在要约确定的期限内到达要约人。要约没有规定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定到达：（一）要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺，但当事
24、人另有约定的除外。 ”Article 23 Timely Dispatch of AcceptanceAn acceptance shall reach the offeror within the period prescribed in the offer.Where the offer does not prescribe a period for acceptance, the acceptance shall reach the offeror as follows:(i) Where the offer is made orally, the acceptance shall be
25、 dispatched immediately, unless otherwise agreed by the parties;根据合同法第二十五条：“承诺生效时合同成立。 ”Article 25 Contract Formed upon Effectiveness of AcceptanceA contract is formed once the acceptance becomes effective.根据合同法第二十六条：“承诺通知到达要约人时生效。 ”Article 26 Effectiveness of AcceptanceA notice of acceptance become
26、s effective once it reaches the offeror. 第四十四条第一款：“依法成立的合同，自成立起生效。 ”Article 44 Effectiveness of ContractA lawfully formed contract becomes effective upon its formation.如果山姆当时立即同意了以 3500 英镑的价格买萨莉的钢琴，表示山姆对萨莉发出的要约作出了一个承诺，由于双方是通过电话沟通的，那么当承诺到达要约人萨莉时承诺生效，也就是双方之间的合同成立。而且它也符合国家的意志和社会公共利益，合同生效，对双方当事人具有法律约束力。
27、那么当然山姆和萨莉之间存在着一个可强制执行的合同。If Sam immediately agreed to buy Sallys piano for 3500, it means Sam had made a promise to Sallys offer and the two sides promised to come into force when they reached a promise. That is to say, the contract between them is established. It also conforms to the will of the state and the public interest. The contract takes effect and is legally binding on them. Of course, there exists an enforceable contract between Sam and Sally.
