1、1 ch01 Introduction What is AI (Artificial Intelligence) The Foundation of AI (self-study) The History of AI The State of Art AI动态 早期 BigDog 最新 BigDog 人形机器人 Atlas 最新人形机器人 Atlas Computer developing trend: become more and more intelligent Deepblue Garry Kasparov Computer developing trend: become more
2、and more intelligent 谷歌旗下 Deep MInd创始人宣布了谷歌在人工智能领域取得重要进展：开发出一款能够在围棋中击败职业选手的程序 AlphaGo， Nature 杂志也以封面论文的形式， 介绍了 AlphaGo击败欧洲围棋冠军樊麾，并将在 3 月和世界冠军李世乭对战。 Computer developing trend: become more and more intelligent 其他 Search engines Science Medicine/ Diagnosis Appliances What is AI? AI: still no unified, s
3、trict definition 2 parts of AIs definition A- build a computing process I- what is intelligence? what is the nature of intelligence? AI: still no unified, strict definition Characteristic of intelligence Variety of intelligence Analytical intelligence Creative intelligence Communicative intelligence
4、 Physical intelligence Intelligence is relative Gain intelligence from training What is AI? The science of making machines that: Think humanly Think rationally Act humanly Act rationally Act humanly “ The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by peo
5、ple.” (Kurzweil, 1990) AI Methodology: Take a task at which people are doing better, e.g.: Prove a theorem Play chess Plan a surgical operation Navigate in a building and build a computer system that does it automatically. Think humanly Think rationally Act humanly Act rationally Acting Humanly? How
6、 to evaluate a machine system is acting like a human? Acting Humanly? Turing Test A.Turing(1950) Computing machinery and intelligence Can machines think? Can machines behave intelligently? Operational test for intelligent behavior: Imitation Game by 2000, 30% chance of fooling a person for 5 mins Su
7、ggested major components of AI knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning About Turing Test The Turing Test I dont have a good definition of “intelligence“. However, I know humans are intelligent. If an entity can masquerade as human so well that I cant detect the difference, I will say
8、this entity is intelligent. Human interrogator human AI system Ask questions Answer the question Answer the question Machine？Human？ The Turing Test (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http:/plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test “勒布纳人工智能奖 ”（ Loebner prize） http:/ Eliza (U = User; E = Eliza) U: Men
9、 are all alike. E: IN WHAT WAY? U: Theyre always bugging us about something. E: CAN YOU THINK OF A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE? U: Well my boyfriend made me come here E: YOUR BOYFRIEND MADE YOU COME HERE? U: He says Im depressed much of the time. E: IM SORRY TO HEAR YOU ARE DEPRESSED. U: Its true. Im unhappy.
10、E: DO YOU THINK THAT COMING HERE WILL HELP YOU NOT TO BE UNHAPPY? U: I need some help, that much seems certain. E: WHAT WOULD IT MEAN TO YOU IF YOU GOT SOME HELP? U: Perhaps I could learn to get along with my mother. E: TELL ME MORE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY. U: My mother takes care of me. E: WHO ELSE IN YO
11、UR FAMILY TAKES CARE OF YOU? U: My father. E: YOUR FATHER? U: You are like my father in some ways. E: WHAT RESEMBLANCE DO YOU SEE? state of the art which rows are by machine? state of the art 1,2;2,1;1,1 Think humanly The Cognitive Science approach If we are going to say that a given program thinks
12、like a human, we must have some way of determining how humans think. Cognitive science Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) Cognitive neuroscience Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) Think humanly Think rationally Act humanly Act rationally Human brain Co
13、mputer Are computers close to human brain power? Searles “Chinese Room” 中文提问，中文回答 人 , 规则手册，纸 CPU，程序，存储器 Think rationaly The“Laws of Thought” approach Logicist tradition: Logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes? Problems: Suppose put your hand down on a hot stove. What is the rational response? Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation Uncertainty: Not all facts are certain (e.g., the flight might be delayed). Think humanly Think rationally Act humanly Act rationally Act rationaly
