1、【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World1Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World【1】On April 10, 2006, French President Jacques Chirac1 surrendered2 to public pressure and withdrew the First Employment Contract3 (known as the CPE the Contrat Premire
2、 Embauche in French) after days of protests by student groups and Notes: 1 Jacques Chirac: What do you know about Jacques Chirac?Jacques Ren Chirac (born 29 November 1932) is a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He previously served as Prime Minister of France fro
3、m 1974 to 1976 and from 1986 to 1988 (making him the only person to hold the position of Prime Minister twice under the Fifth Republic), and as Mayer of Paris from 1977 to 1995.Chiracs internal policies included lower tax rates, the removal of price contrals, strong punishment for crime and terroris
4、m, and business privatization. He also argued for more socially responsible economic policies. Chirac is the second-longest serving President of France (two full terms, the first of seven years and the second of five years).In 2011 he was put on trial for embezzlement trial for misappropriation of p
5、ublic funds using fake jobs paid for by the Paris town hall for full-time workers of his party.2 surrender: v. to admit that one has been defeated and want to stop fighting; to allow oneself to be caught, taken prisoner, etc. 投降，屈服 (P50)3 the First Employment Contract: What is the First Employment C
6、ontract?The contrat premire embauche (CPE; English: first employment contract) was a new form of employment contract pushed in spring 2006 in France by Primie Minister Dominique de Villepin. This employment contract, available solely to employees under 26, would have made it easier for the employer
7、to fire employees by removing the need to provide reasons for dismissal for an initial “trial period” of two years, in exchange for some financial guarantees for employees. However, the enactment of this amendment to the so-called “Equality of Opportunity Act” establishing this contract was so unpop
8、ular that soon massive protests were held, mostly by young students, and the government rescinded the amendment.【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World2labor unions. The proposed law, which was designed to combat Frances 22.2 percent youth unemployment rate, would h
9、ave allowed firms the freedom to hire workers under the age of 26 on a trial4 basis for the first two years, during which period employers could also fire such workers more easily than current laws permit.【2】The government believed that Frances complex and inflexible5 labor laws a high minimum wage,
10、 high payroll6 taxes, generous benefits, and an onerous7 labor code8, all enshrined9 in many different contracts and numerous collective bargaining10 agreements; served as a disincentive11 to hiring young, untested12 4 trial: n. the process of testing the ability, quality or performance of sb/sth, e
11、specially before you make a final decision about them 试验，试用 She agreed to employ me for a trial period. The system was introduced to on a trial basis for one month. a trial separation (= of a couple whose marriage is in difficulties) 试验性分居 a trial of strength (= a contest to see who is stronger) 实力的
12、较量5 inflexible: adj. that cannot be changed or made more suitable for a particular situation 不容变更的，不可改变的 (P50)6 payroll: n. a list of people employed by a company showing the amount of money to be paid to each of them（一家公司的）发薪员工表，在职人员名单 (P50) We have 500 people on the payroll. 7 onerous: adj. needin
13、g great effort; causing trouble or worry 沉重的，繁重的 (P50) SYN taxing an onerous duty/task/responsibility8 code: a system of laws or written rules that state how people in an institution or a country should behave 法典；法规 the penal code 刑法典9 enshrine: v. to make a law, right, etc. respected or official, e
14、specially by stating it in an important written document 把奉为神圣 (P50)；把庄严地载入 These rights are enshrined in the countrys constitution. 10 collective bargaining: Collective bargaining refers to negotiation between management and union representatives for the purpose of arriving at mutually acceptable w
15、ages and working conditions for employees. The agreement reached may cover not only wages but hiring practices, layoffs, promotions, working conditions and hours, and benefit programs. 【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World3workers. A previous incarnation13 of the
16、law, the New Employment Contract, applied similar provisions14 to small businesses with fewer than 20 employees and had successfully created up to15 400,000 new jobs.【3】Opponents of the governments strategy, including the millions of students and unionists16 who marched17 against it in the streets o
17、f Paris, called the law a betrayal by the French state and claimed the new measure would just make it easier for employers to hire cheap, disposable18 labor and keep young people in an unsteady netherworld19 of partial employment. 【4】When President Chirac decided to revoke20 the CPE after just eight
18、 days on the 11 disincentive: n. a thing that makes someone less willing to do something 障碍因素，起抑制作用的事物 (P50) OPP incentive12 untested: not tested; of unknown quality or value 未经试验（或考验）的13 incarnation: n. giving a definite or human form to a particular idea or quality （象征某种品质、概念或思想等的）典型，化身，体现，具体化 (P5
19、0) SYN embodiment the incarnation of evil 邪恶的化身also the Incarnation: (in Christianity) the act of God coming to earth in human form as Jesus 道成肉身（上帝化身为耶稣来到人间）14 provision: a condition or an arrangement in a legal document 规定，条款 Under the provisions of the lease, the tenant is responsible for repairs
20、. 15 up to: as far as a particular number, level, etc. 到达（某数量、程度等） ；至多有 I can take up to four people (= but no more than four) in my car.16 unionist: (also trade unionist, trades unionist) a member of a trade/labor union 工会会员17 march: to walk through the streets in a large group in order to protest
21、about sth 游行示威；游行抗议 SYN demonstrate18 disposable: 1) usually before noun made to be thrown away after use 用后即丢弃的；一次性的 disposable nappies (BrE) / diapers (AmE) 一次性尿布2) (finance) available for use 可动用的；可自由支配的 disposable assets/capital/resources 19 netherworld: n. (literary) the world of the dead; hell
22、 地狱，下层社会 (P50)【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World4books, replacing it with a package21 of subsidies22, some commentators labeled the action a humiliation23 for the government, a triumph of mob rule24 and of the entitlement25 mentality26. Some lamented27 the publ
23、ic reaction as a sign of the 20 revoke: (formal) to officially cancel sth so that it is no longer valid 取消；废除；使无效21 package: (also package deal) a set of items or ideas that must be bought or accepted together （必须整体接收的）一套东西，一套建议；一揽子交易 a benefits package 一套福利措施 a package of measures to help small bus
24、inesses software package: (computing) a set of related programs for a particular type of task, sold and used as a single unit 软件包 The system came with a database software package. 本系统配有数据库软件包。22 subsidy: money that is paid by a government or an organization to reduce the costs of services or of prod
25、ucing goods so that their prices can be kept low 补贴；补助金；津贴 agricultural subsidies to reduce the level of subsidy 23 humiliate: to make sb feel ashamed or stupid and lose the respect of other people I dont want to humiliate her in front of her colleagues. a humiliating defeat She suffered the humilia
26、tion of being criticized in public.24 mob: a large crowd of people, especially one that may become violent or cause trouble 人群；（尤指）暴民 The mob was/were preparing to storm the building. an excited mob of fans 一群激动的球迷mob rule (= a situation in which a mob has control, rather than people in authority) 暴
27、民统治25 entitlement: n. the official right to have or do something 应得的权利 (P50) This may affect your entitlement to compensation. 26 mentality: pl. mentalities the particular attitude or way of thinking of a person or group 心态；思想状况；思想方法 SYN mindset a criminal/ghetto mentality 犯罪心态/ 种族聚居区的思想意识siege ment
28、ality: a feeling that you are surrounded by enemies and must protect 【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World5“depth of popular misunderstanding regarding28 the realities of our globalizing economy.”29【5】On a deeper level, the reaction against reforms to Frances labo
29、r laws is indicative30 of deeper anxieties, broadly held in Europe and elsewhere, about how the forces of globalization are impacting the stability of the welfare state. In the eyes of many, the swifter the currents of globalization, the more fiercely the continental Europeans cling to the tradition
30、s of the welfare state, “While most of the world struggles to cope with the shifting threats and opportunities of an increasingly global economy, much of Europe, and France in particular, remains devoted to a quasi-31sociyourself 受围心态27 lament: v. to feel or express great sadness or disappointment a
31、bout somebody/something 为悲痛，痛惜 (P50) SYN bemoan, bewail In the poem he laments the destruction of the countryside.n. (formal) a song, poem or other expression of great sadness for sb who has died or for sth that has ended 挽歌；哀诗；悼辞 a nostalgic lament for lost love 28 regarding: prep. concerning sb/st
32、h; about sb/sth29 Some lamented the public reaction as a sign of the “depth of popular misunderstanding regarding the realities of our globalizing economy.”Some critics believed that the massive protests showed the profundity of public misunderstanding concerning the ongoing economic globalization a
33、nd expressed deep sorrow for this situation.30 indicative:1) (of sth) (formal) showing or suggesting sth Their failure to act is indicative of their lack of interest.2) (grammar) stating a fact 陈述的；指示的the indicative: singular (grammar) the form of a verb that states a fact 陈述语气的动词形式 In Ben likes sch
34、ool, the verb like is in the indicative. 在 Ben likes school 中，动词 like 是陈述语气。31 quasi-: 1) that appears to be sth but is not really so 类似 a quasi-scietific explanation【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World6alist ideal.” According to Dominique Moisi, “The French prod
35、uce ideas and dreams and they challenge the assumption of the liberal and market-oriented order by their refusal to accept change in the name of economic flexibility.”【6】French resistance to change largely stems from32 a very different conception of the social contract between the citizen and the st
36、ate in the realm of job security. On this subject, Philippe dIribarne, author of French Strangeness, has remarked33, “In the American imagination, the relationship between a worker and employer is that of a supplier and a clientIn France, when people work they say they have a situation, which they e
37、xpect to endure for life.” The function of the state under this model is, above all else, to “make sure that workers are taken care of” in hopes of creating a “healthier, more humane34 society” than is possible in more fully liberalized economies. The pervasive35 role of the French government in emp
38、loyment is reinforced by the fact that 25 percent of the countrys workforce is employed in the public sector, with 45 percent of the national budget devoted to civil service36 salaries and pensions.【7】Many advocates of greater economic liberalization attribute Frances 2) partly; almost 半；准 a quasi-o
39、fficial body 半官方机构32 stem from: (not used in the progressive tenses) to be the result of sth 是的结果；起源于；根源是33 remark: to say or write a comment about sth/sb34 humane: adj. showing kindness towards people and animals by making sure that they do not suffer more than is necessary 人道的，仁慈的，富有同情心的 (P50)35 p
40、ervasive: existing in all parts of a place or thing; spreading gradually to affect all parts of a place or thing 遍布的；充斥各处的；弥漫的 a pervasive smell of damp 四处弥漫的潮湿味儿36 civil service: Civil service refers to body of government officials employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor judici
41、al. Modern civil service personnel are usually chosen by examination and promoted on the basis of merit ratings. They often serve as neutral advisers to elected officials and political appointees. Though not responsible for making policy, they are charged with its execution. In democratic nations re
42、cruitment and advancement procedures are designed to divorce the civil service from political patronage.【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welfare State in a Globalized World7economic stagnation37 and political deadlock38 conditions symptomatic39 of much of Europe to the “hypertrophy40” of the we
43、lfare state. In a country where “75 percent of young people openly declare that their dream in life is to become a civil servant, something is obviously wrongA lack of confidence in the future and fear of precariousness41 have taken over the spirit of adventure, a frame of mind42 in which to be prot
44、ected from life becomes more important than what you do in life.” The flexibility necessary for a healthy economy in an increasingly fast-paced world comes at the expense of the security that most workers including more and more young workers cherish.【8】At bottom43, as Dominique Moisi has said, “The
45、 hostility towards the concept of flexibility in the labor market was not only the product of a reactionary44, status quo impulse, but the result of a deep resentment at seeing ones life being so totally at 37 stagnation: n. the state of not being able to develop, grow or change 停滞，不发展 (P50)38 deadl
46、ock: a complete failure to reach agreement or settle an argument 僵持；僵局；相持不下 SYN stalemate The strike has reached a deadlock. 罢工已陷入僵局。39 symptomatic: being a sign of an illness or a problem These disagreements are symptomatic of the tensions within the party. 出现意见分歧表明该党内部的关系紧张。40 hypertrophy: n. exce
47、ssive development of growth 过度生长，过度增大 (P50)41 precariousness: n. the state of being not safe or certain; dangerous 不安全，不稳定 (P50) He earned a precarious living as an artist. 42 frame of mind: the way you feel or think about sth at a particular time 心态；心绪 Well discuss this when youre in a better frame
48、 of mind.43 at bottom: used to say what sb/sth is really like 归根结底；本质上；实际上 Their offer to help was at bottom self-centered. 44 reactionary: n. (disapproving) a person who is opposed to political or social change 反动分子；反对政治（或社会）变革者adj. a reactionary government【Unit 3】Text I Job Insecurity and the Welf
49、are State in a Globalized World8the disposal of45 others.” Trying to shut ones borders to the forces of globalization is, however, no longer a viable46 option. Continued calls for state intervention in labor markets merely accelerate an already vicious cycle in which protectionism begets47 slower growth and unemployment, thus multiplying48 the need for more extensive social safety nets and exacerbating49 the original problem. 【9】Concerns over job security are by no means confined to France or even
