1、Self Report Measures for Love and Compassion Research: Satisfaction SATISFACTION WITH LIFE SCALE Reference: Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., Veenhoven, 1984). The judgmental component has also been conceptualized as life satisfaction (Andrews Diener, Emmnos, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) was dev
2、eloped as a measure of the judgmental component of subjective well-being (SWB). Two studies designed to validate further the SWLS are reported. Peer reports, a memory measure, and clinical ratings are used as external criteria for validation. Evidence for the reliability and predictive validity of t
3、he SWLS is presented, and its performance is compared to other related scales. The SWLS is shown to be a valid and reliable measure of life satisfaction, suited for use with a wide range of age groups and applications, which makes possible the savings of interview time and resources compared to many
4、 measures of life satisfaction. In addition, the high convergence of self- and peer-reported measures of subjective well-being and life satisfaction provide strong evidence that subjective well-being is a relatively global and stable phenomenon, not simply a momentary judgment based on fleeting infl
5、uences. Pavot, W. G., & Diener, E. (1993). Review of the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164-172. The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) was developed to assess satisfaction with the respondents life as a whole. The scale does not assess satisfaction with life domains suc
6、h as health or finances but allows subjects to integrate and weight these domains in whatever way they choose. Normative data are presented for the scale, Self Report Measures for Love and Compassion Research: Satisfaction which shows good convergent validity with other scales and with other types o
7、f assessments of subjective well-being. Life satisfaction as assessed by the SWLS shows a degree of temporal stability (e.g., .54 for 4 years), yet the SWLS has shown sufficient sensitivity to be potentially valuable to detect change in life satisfaction during the course of clinical intervention. F
8、urther, the scale shows discriminant validity from emotional well-being measures. The SWLS is recommended as a complement to scales that focus on psychopathology or emotional well-being because it assesses an individuals conscious evaluative judgment of his or her life by using the persons own crite
9、ria. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz L., Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28, 195-223. Although it appears that income and subjective well-being correlate in within- country studies (Diener, 1984), a debate
10、has focused on whether this relationship is relative (Easterlin, 1974) or absolute (Veenhoven, 1988, 1991). The absolute argument advanced by Veenhoven states that income helps individuals meet certain universal needs and therefore that income, at least at lower levels, is a cause of subjective well
11、-being. The relativity argument is based on the idea that the impact of income or other resources depends on changeable standards such as those derived from expectancies, habituation levels, and social comparisons. Two studies which empirically examine these positions are presented: one based on 18
12、032 college studies in 39 countries, and one based on 10 year longitudinal data in a probability sample of 4 942 American adults. Modest but significant correlations were found in the U.S. between income and well-being, but the cross-country correlations were larger. No evidence for the influence of
13、 relative standards on income was found: (1) Income change did not produce effects beyond the effect of income level per se, (2) African-Americans and the poorly educated did not derive greater happiness from specific levels of income, (3) Income produced the same levels of happiness in poorer and r
14、icher areas of the U.S., and (4) Affluence correlated with subjective well-being both across countries and within the U.S. Income appeared to produce lesser increases in subjective well-being at higher income levels in the U.S., but this pattern was not evident across countries. Conceptual and empir
15、ical questions about the universal needs position are noted. Suggestions for further explorations of the relativistic position are offered. Self Report Measures for Love and Compassion Research: Satisfaction Scale: Instructions: Below are five statements that you may agree or disagree with. Using th
16、e 1 - 7 scale below, indicate your agreement with each item by placing the appropriate number on the line preceding that item. Please be open and honest in your responding. 7 - Strongly agree 6 - Agree 5 - Slightly agree 4 - Neither agree nor disagree 3 - Slightly disagree 2 - Disagree 1 - Strongly
17、disagree _ In most ways my life is close to my ideal. _ The conditions of my life are excellent. _ I am satisfied with my life. _ So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. _ If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing. Scoring: Though scoring should be kept continuous (sum up scores on each item), here are some cut- offs to be used as benchmarks. 31 - 35 Extremely satisfied 26 - 30 Satisfied 21 - 25 Slightly satisfied 20 Neutral 15 - 19 Slightly dissatisfied 10 - 14 Dissatisfied 5 - 9 Extremely dissatisfied
