1、科技英语中定语从句的替代用法,引言定语从句的替代用法小结,一、引言,由于科技英语多用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关系，而简单句常无法完整的表达出复杂的科学思维，因此科技英语常会出现中心词不只有一个定语对其进行修饰限定的复杂长句。为避免反复使用定语从句致使的句子冗长，科技英语中常会使用起相同修饰限定作用的现在分词、过去分词、动名词、介词短语、分词短语和形容词短语结构作前置定语或后置定语，来代替定语从句，以使句子结构更加紧凑，句子表达更加精炼。,二、定语从句的替代用法,替代结构只作前置定语 替代结构只作后置定语 替代结构既可以作前置定语又可以做后置定语,1. 定语从句的
2、替代结构只作前置定语的用法,单个现在分词 单个动名词,单个现在分词具有形容词的性质，可以代替定语从句起同样修饰限定的作用。,1.1 动词的单个现在分词只作前置定语可代替定语从句,doing（主动形式）,being done（被动形式）,单个现在分词一般式,主要表示“主动”含义，有时还可以表示动作正在进行，可代替谓语为现在时态的定语从句,主要强调动作现在或当时正在进行，可代替谓语为一般现在进行时被动形式的定语从句,单个现在分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：,单个现在分词单独使用 单个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构,单个现在分词可单独使用作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词，从而代替定语从句。,单个现在分词
3、单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句,Regarding product-specific risk, new FMCC products usually involve less innovation, often modifying an existing product feature such as fewer calories, newer flavor, more recyclable packaging, and so forth.modifying a product feature which/that has existed A mobile system must be ada
4、ptive to these changing conditions.to these conditions which/that are changing,这种结构中常见的单个现在分词有“existing, naming, opposing, reducing, consuming, leading, working, following, branding, operating, changing, supporting, conflicting, varying, profiling, pricing, selling, underlying, using, computing”等。,单
5、个现在分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句,单个现在分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用构成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。,By determining the response of earlier adopters, this research helps inform brand-naming decisions for HT innovations.helps inform decisions which/that relate to name brandConsumers deal with unacceptable levels of risk by e
6、ngaging in risk-reducing strategies.by engaging in strategies which/that can reduce risk,The Dowling and Staelin model is compatible with the conflict theory model of decision making, the information-processing paradigm of consumer choice , and economically based search models.the paradigm of consum
7、er choice which/that relates to process information常见的这种复合结构还有“a rubber-producing country (= a country which produces rubber 生产橡胶的国家), velocity-retarding forces (=forces which retard velocity减速力), sound-absorbing materials (= materials which absorb sound 吸音材料), a fast-growing industry (= an industry
8、 which grows fast 迅速发展的工业), a deep diving submarine (= a submarine which can dive deeply 深潜水艇) ”等。,单个动名词的一般式同样有两种形式，主动形式doing和被动形式being done，与单个现在分词的两种形式一样。但单个动名词作定语时只是表示一种目的或用途，它所修饰的中心词并不能发出它所表示的动作。,1.2 单个动名词只作前置定语代替定语从句,a writing instrument 书写/记录仪器（“仪器”并不会“书写/记录”）an instrument which is used for wr
9、iting,a driving-mirror 驾驶镜a mirror which/that is used for drivinga receiving set 接收机a set which/that is used for receiving signalsthe freezing point 冰点he point at which it freezes,2. 定语从句的替代结构只作后置定语的用法,介词短语 动词的分词短语 形容词短语,2.1 介词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句,常见于“with结构”的介词短语，通常表示所修饰成分的所属，状态等。,Accordingly, a new prod
10、uct with a new brand name will likely carry more uncertainty and risk than a brand extension, assuming a fit between the brand and the new product.a new product which/that has a new brand name,Applications with hard real-time constraints are more difficult to offload.Applications which/that are set
11、with hard real-time constraintsThis significant difference indicates that these individuals evaluated the incremental smart phone more favorably with a new than an existing brand name.smart phone more favorably which/that has a new than an existing brand name,2.2 动词的分词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句,分词短语只能作后置定语修饰限定中
12、心词，从而代替定语从句。,As a consequence, consumers are more uncertain about the potential flaws involved in such an immature technology, which are often corrected only in later versions.the potential flaws which involved in such an immature technology,In total, 2600 posts supplied by 393 individuals were down
13、loaded from the two online discussion forums; the total number of posts made by each group was approximately equal.2600 posts which/that were supplied by 393 individualsthe total number of posts which/that were made by each groupThe characteristics were defined with the help of a group of 11 marketi
14、ng managers working for a large mobile technology company.11 marketing managers who worked for a large mobile technology company,2.3 形容词短语只作后置定语代替定语从句,There are many stars larger than the sun.There are many stars which/that are larger than the sun.An example of this is motion parallel to the earths
15、surface.motion which/that is parallel to the earths surface.Something as small as a worm may be composed of millions of cells.Something that is as small as a worm,3.定语从句的替代结构既可作前置定语又可作后置定语的用法,在替代定语从句的结构中，单个动词的过去分词很特殊，其同样具有形容词的性质，可以代替定语从句修饰限定，但它既可以作前置定语，也可以作后置定语。单个过去分词主要表示被动含义（即与其相关的名词接受该动作），有时还可表示动作
16、的完成，与被修饰词构成逻辑上被动的主谓关系，因此可以代替谓语为被动或完成的定语从句。,3.1 单个过去分词可作前置定语代替定语从从句,单个过去分词通常用作前置定语代替定语从句，这时其具有很强的形容词的特点，强调的是某种状态。单个过去分词作前置定语有以下两种情况：,单个过去分词单独使用 单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构,单个过去分词单独使用作前置定语代替定语从句,On the other hand, branding theory advocates using established brand names to reduce the perceived risk of a new prod
17、uct purchase.advocates using brand that has been establishedto reduce the risk of a new product purchase that can be perceived,As mentioned, Klink and Athaide (2010) find that while later adopters favor known brands, earlier adopters favor new brand names on FMCG products.find that while later adopt
18、ers favor brands which/that are knownAs expected, the consumer innovativeness brand name interaction is significant and in the predicted direction ( = 0.053, p b 0.05).in the direction which/that is predicted,the unwanted signals 不需要的信号the signals which/that are not wanted a widely used alloy 一种使用广泛
19、的合金an alloy which/that is widely used a radio controlled device 一台由无线电控制的设备a device which is controlled by radio常见的作前置定语的单个过去分词有“perceived, curved, established, handled, bottled, considered, favored, implied, related, focused, known, preferred, controlled, selected, predicted, accepted, sophisticate
20、d, constrained, limited, distributed, defined, given, wired, proposed, assumed, fixed, started, complicated, identified, oversized”等。,单个过去分词与名词连用构成复合结构作前置定语代替定语从句,单个过去分词除了单独作前置定语外，还可与名词连用构成复合结构，作前置定语，修饰限定其后中心词。,Computation offloading is a method of saving energy and time on resource-constrained mobi
21、le devices by executing some tasks on the cloud.saving energy and time on mobile devices of which the resource is constrained,a man-made satellite 一颗人造卫星a satellite which/that has been made by manmotor-driven equipment 电动机驱动的设备equipment which/that is driven by a motor,3.2 单个过去分词只作后置定语,当强调过去分词所表示的动作概
22、念时，通常将单个过去分词后置，这时其具有较强的动词性质，加强了分词所表示的动作概念。另外，当单个过去分词用于回指前句中已经被说明的动作时，只能放在被修饰词后作后置定语。,Section 3 describes the research methods employed,which include an experimental study and a field study.Section 3 describes the research methods which/that are employed,Thus, adaptive offloading systems need to auto
23、matically determine the amount of energy consumed, and develop the energy profile for different applications.determine the amount of energy which/that is consumedOne offloading technique proposed is utilization of other mobile devices available nearby.One offloading technique which/that is proposed,科技英语句式结构紧凑、简洁、严谨的特点，使得定语从句的替代用法在科技英语中被广泛应用。定语从句的替代用法不仅准确地表达出了句子的含义，而且有效地避免了句子的冗长，并且突出了重点、增强了句子的逻辑性，使句子结构更加紧凑，也是句子更加简洁、精炼。因此在今后的科技英语学习及写作中，我们可以多使用这一替代用法。,三、小结,Thank you!,
