1、状语从句翻译,基本思想：,英语状语从句依据功能可以分为时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，目的等，尽管引导英语状语从句的从属连词，基本上可以在汉语中找到相对应的关联词，但有时不必翻译。且位置也比较灵活。 英语状语从句一般说来，英语中表示方式、比较和结果等关系的状语从句位于主句之后，其它状语从句的位置比较灵活，可前可后。汉语状语分句汉语中多数状语从句是放在主句之前，只有比较和结果状语从句位于主句之后，方式状语从句则可前可后。,翻译关键：选择正确位置，上下连贯,翻译技巧： 1、状语从句前置2、状语从句后置3、从句形式的转换4、省略连词,1. 英语时间状语从句,1). 不论英语从句在什么位置，译文原则上应
2、放在句 首。如 While she spoke, the tears were running down.她说话时，泪水直流。We shall discuss the problem fully before we make the decision. 我们在作出决定之前要充分讨论这个问题。,1. 英语时间状语从句,2) 特殊情况(Until & till) 与原文的位置相同 Until radar technique was used in astronomy, Mans knowledge of Venus was still very superficial. 雷达技术应用于天文学以前，
3、人类对金星的了解还极为肤浅。 在notuntil/till 结构中，从句前置 The path is not completed till wires are connected. Do not wire-lock the adaptors until all tests have been satisfactorily completed.在圆满完成所有的试验之前，不要用保险丝将接头锁紧,1. 时间状语从句,3)状语从句转换：有些状语从句从形式上看是某种状语从句，但从其主句和从句的逻辑意义来看，却不属于该种状语从句，而属于另一种从句。此时，汉译时就可根据主句和从句的逻辑意义，进行适当的转换，
4、将其翻译成为另一种句型。,when,可译为“在.之后” Some people develop skin rashes when they take sulfas.有些人服用磺胺药物后会出现皮疹。 2. 表条件，可译为“若，如果，一旦” Insurance companies are obliged to recover the cost of everything in it when it is lost or damaged during the valid period of insurance.一切经过保险的东西，如在有效期内丢失或受损，保险公司要赔偿其成本。,when,3. 表原因
5、 The defense lawyer decided to petition for a new trial when they found an important new witness. 由于发现了一名新的重要证人，辩护律师决定申请重新开庭审讯。（原因） 4. 表让步 While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cannot be solved. 虽然我承认这些问题困难，但我并不认为它们无法解决。（让步）,before,One must sow before one can reap. 只有
6、播种，才能有收获。(必要条件句)。(也可译为：一份耕耘，一份收获)。Before manned spacecraft could be sent to space, the problem of getting the spacecraft safely back to earth had to be solved. 为了把载人的宇宙飞船送到太空上去，就必须解决使飞船安全返回地面的问题。(目的状语),2. 地点状语从句,地点状语分句是表示时空关系的分句结构。英语地点状语分句可位于主句之前，亦可置于主句之后。 汉语地点状语分句通常位于主句之前,即翻译为前置状语,2. 地点状语从句,1) 前置(无
7、论从句在什么位置) Make a mark where there is any doubt or questions.在有疑问的地方做个记号。 Where it is require to produce flanges, some of the methods already given may be used.在要求制成凸缘的地方，可以使用前面说的某些方法。Where there is clean air and water, there are people who live a long life. 哪里有洁净的空气和水，哪里的人们就长寿。,2. 地点状语从句,2) 转换 (有时可译
8、为条件句) Where the volt is too large a unit, we use the milli-volt or microvolt.如果伏特这个单位过大，我们就应该用毫伏或微伏。3）省略关联词 Where lobbyists used to avoid notoriety and preferred to work behind scenes, many today seek publicity as a useful tool. 过去，游说者往往避免出名，喜欢在幕后工作, 如今他们中许多人把抛头露面作为一种有用的手段来追求。,3. 原因状语从句,英语原因状语从句通常由从
9、属连词 as, because, since 引导。 由because引出的原因状语从句一般置于句末，也可位于句首，通常用来表示直接原因。 由as引导的原因状语从句通常位于句首；若置于句末，前面应有逗号分开。表示的原因或理由为说话的对方所知道，as通常翻译为“由于”。 since引出的原因状语从句通常位于句首，把已知的事实作为推理的依据，说明的原因或理由是说话的双方所明知的事实，因此，since往往翻译为“既然”。,3. 原因状语从句,所有的英语原因状语从句在汉语译文中通常为前置，偶尔亦置于句末，此时是对前面意义的补充，翻译为：之所以是因为。,3. 原因状语从句,前置 Because two
10、or more steps were involved, the processes came be known as indirect processes.因为这些冶炼法需要两步或更多的步骤，因此被称为间接法2. 后置 (有些原因状语至于主句后面，是对主句的补充和说明) Ductility is also important because it is a measure of that property of a material which permits it to be cold-worked.塑性之所以重要 还因为它是材料冷作性能的衡量的尺度。,3. 原因状语从句,It is fr
11、equently said that computers solve problems only because they are “programmed ” to do so. 人们常说,电脑之所以能解决问题, 只是因为电脑给输入了解决问题的“程序”。Since the speaker cant come, well have to cancel the meeting. 既然发言人不能来，我们不得不取消这次会议。,3. 原因状语从句,3. 省略关联词( “内含因果关系”的并列分句) Since the electrical inventions which Edison had given
12、 us were very important, we could not live without themnot for one minute. 爱迪生为我们发明的各种电器太重要了，我们的生活离不开它们一刻也离不开。 As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, and their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off. 众多家庭搬出安定的社区，离开交往多年的朋友，远
13、离大家庭的其他成员, 日常信息来源就此切断。,4. 条件状语从句,前置(通常译为 “如果，倘若，只要就，除非才”) If put together and heated to 25 at constant pressure, these substances will result in a new compound.如果把这些物质放在一起并在常压下加热到25，就会产生一种新的化合物。If the epidemic cannot be controlled effectively, the whole country will come into chaos. 如果这种流行传染病得不到有效控制
14、, 整个国家将会陷入一片混乱之中。,4. 条件状语从句,We wont be able to go there on foot in case it rains. 要是下雨，咱们就不能步行上那儿去了。We can realize the goal of our life, if only we work hard. 只要我们努力工作，就能实现人生目标。,4. 条件状语从句,If I could relive my life, I would lead quite a different life, leaving less regrets. 如果我可以重新过日子, 我会生活得截然不同，不会留下
15、这么多遗憾。2. 后置(通常表达补充或说明的意义) Any body above the earth will fall unless it is supported by an upward force equal to its weight.地球上的任何物体都会落下了，除非它受到一个大小与其相等的力的支持,4. 条件状语从句,3.省略关联词（内含条件关系的句子） If the temperature drops to zero degree centigrade, water freezes. 水在摄氏零度结冰。 If you work hard, you will succeed. 努力
16、工作，就会成功。 If you melt two or more metals together, you can get a new metal. 将两种以上的金属熔化在一起就可产生一种新金属。,4. 条件状语从句,4.特定的条件分句（but only if） They might be prepared to trim productionbut only if they are convinced it will firm prices. 它们可能准备削减产量但条件是必须先使这些产油国确信, 石油价格将保持稳定。Certainly you can pass the test, but o
17、nly if you study very hard. 你肯定能通过考试，但前提是你学习非常刻苦。,5. 让步状语从句,前置(译为汉语的让步分句: 虽然，尽管) Although we were very close, the time came when Jeff needed a door between us, a space of his own to grow in. 虽然我们之间亲密无间, 但还是有一天, 杰夫需要一扇门把我们分开, 需要一个他自己成长的空间。Even though our hope for success is pretty slim, we still want
18、 to have a try. 哪怕成功的希望渺茫，我们也还要试一试。,5. 让步状语从句,Although there are these cultural differences, the main engine propelling the separatist cause is economic. 尽管有文化差异，但是推动分裂主义进程的主要动力是经济因素。 Old as he is, he would rather work than sit idle. 他虽已年迈，但他宁愿工作也不愿闲着。,5. 让步状语从句,2.译为汉语的无条件分句 英语里有一种复句，前一分句排除某一方面的一切条件
19、，后一分句说出在任何条件下都会产生同样的结果，也就是说结果的产生没有什么条件限制。这样的复句里的前一分句称之为“无条件”的条件分句，通常以whatever, wherever, whoever, whenever, no matter wh-为引导词, 通常翻译为“不论” “无论” “不管” 等关联词。,5. 让步状语从句,Yet whenever I stopped by his hospital bedside, he was surrounded by visitors from his church, singing and praying. 然而，无论我何时来到他的病床边，他总是被来
20、自他奉职教堂的人所包围，他们又唱又祷告。Ill be right here waiting for you, wherever you go, and whatever you do. 无论你到哪里去，无论你做什么，我都会在这儿等你。,5.让步状语从句,No matter what happens, he will go on with an indomitable will without turning back. 不管发生什么事，他都将义无反顾, 勇往直前。We are all, whatever part of the world we come from, persuaded tha
21、t our own nation is superior to all others. 不论我们来自世界上的哪个国家，我们大家全都相信，我们自己的民族优于所有别的民族。,6. 目的状语从句,以so that , in order that, to the end that, in case等从属短语连词引导的目的状语从句，一般译成汉语中相对应的 “为了”、“以便”、“以免”、“以防”等引导的目的状语修饰语。,6. 目的状语从句,前置(通常译为 “为了，要使”等) We should start early so that we might get there before noon. The
22、travel plan was cancelled in order that the spread of SARS could be prevented. 为了防止非典的传染, 这次旅行计划给取消了。He sent a bunch of flowers each day in order that he could win her love. 为了赢得她的芳心，他每天送她一束花。,6. 目的状语从句,2. 后置(通常译为 “以便，以免，为的是，以防”) We should know the number of computations which are to be joined, so t
23、hat we can terminate all but the last one.我们需要知道有多少个要连在一起进行的计算，以便我们能在倒数第二个计算上终止计算。Youd better take an umbrella with you in case it rains. 你最好带把伞以防下雨。,6. 目的状语从句,He is planning to make this speech in order that we might have a better understanding of the vicissitude of the international situation. 他打算
24、做一次演说，以便我们能更好地理解当今国际形势的风云变幻。Besides learning the prescribed textbooks, you are supposed to read more books on your subject in order that you may expand your scope of knowledge. 学生应该背诵一些优秀散文，以便奠定坚实的语言基本功。,6.目的状语从句,3 转换(灵活地译为表 “目的”的句子) 有时也可根据逻辑意义和汉语表达习惯, 将英语目的状语从句与主句融合起来翻译，译为表目的的句子，包含“其目的是”和“为的就是” 这样的
25、词语。,6. 目的状语从句,The UN was established in order that peace and development can be promoted. 创建联合国的目的就是要推动和平与发展。We learn from our past lessons so that history wont repeat itself. 我们从过去的经历中吸取教训为的就是不再重蹈覆辙。,7. 结果状语从句,1. 后置 (引导词有so/such that, so/suchthat, to the extent, in such a way that, )译成表结果的分句He had
26、overslept, so that he was late for work. 他睡过头了，结果上班迟到了。That girl studied very diligently last term so that she obtained excellent results in all the terminal examinations. 那个女孩上个学期学习非常勤奋，因此期末每门功课考试都获得优秀成绩。,7. 结果状语从句,2. 省略 (翻译时需灵活译出表结果的词语)In the magnet the atoms are lined up in such a way that their
27、electrons are circling in the same direction.在磁铁中，原子的排列方式使得电子沿同一方向作圆周运动。,7. 结果状语从句,1. 后置 He never played with the children that a quarrel did not follow. 他跟孩子们玩耍，结果总是吵架。The book was so boring that he gave up reading it half way through. 该书如此枯燥乏味，以至他读了一半就放弃了。,7. 结果状语从句,2 省略(译成不含关联词但内含因果关系的并列分句) There
28、 are many factories around, as a result, the air is seriously polluted by smoke. 这周围有许多工厂，空气受到烟尘的严重污染。It was such a terrible experience that I will never forget it. 那次经历可怕至极，我永远不会忘记。,7. 结果状语从句,Peter is such a nice boy that he is loved by everybody. 彼得是个好男孩，人人都喜爱。Such was his anxiety that he couldnt
29、stop trembling. 他焦虑不安，颤抖不已。,8. 方式状语从句,英语表示方式的状语从句通常由as, as if, as though, just as, in a manner, in this way, to the extent 等 引导，位置往往于主句之后，在 as.so.结构中，as分句通常置于主句之前。在口语中可用the way (that)引导方式状语从句。,8. 方式状语从句,1. 顺译法 The clouds disappeared as if by magic. 那些云团消失得无影无踪，如同被魔力驱散了。Electric charges have the oppo
30、site polarities just as magnets have north and south poles. 电荷有相反的极性，就像磁铁有南北极一样,8. 方式状语从句,2. 合译法 (把主句与从句合并为一个单句) Please do exactly as your doctor says. 务请按照医生的吩咐行事。 Mary does not bother about trifles the way her sister does. 玛丽不像她姐姐那样关心鸡毛蒜皮的小事 All folk songs sound as if they come from the heart. 所有民
31、歌听起来宛如人们的心声。,9. 比较状语从句,1. 引导词有：asas, not so/asas, morethan, no more than, not morethan 2. 顺译法（通常按句子的顺序进行，但需注意汉语的习惯表达，因为比较从往往只保留了与主句比较的部分）。 The fuel consumption of the blast furnace is lower than one of smelting reduction processes.高炉的燃料消耗要低于熔融还原法的燃料消耗。 These bearings are not as well standardized as the rolling contact bearings.这些轴承的标准化程度不及滚动轴承。,
