1、,第六章 翻译技巧之 增补与省略,Addition and Omission,I. Omission,The time-keeping device of electronic watches are much more accurate than those of mechanical ones. 电子表比机械表准确得多。,I. Types of Omission in terms of Language1. Out of Grammar 2. Out of Semantic 3. Out of Rhetoric,1. Out of Grammar (从语法角度进行减省),英汉两种语言在语法
2、上差异较大： 英语有冠词,而汉语却没有; 英语重形合,连接词较多,汉语重意合,连接词较少; 英语中介词丰富,多达280多个,汉语中介词则较少,只有30来个; 英语中经常使用代词,尤其是经常使用人称代词,关系代词等,而汉语中代词则用得较少;,1) 省代词,(1)省略作主语的人称代词 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他消瘦而憔悴，（）看上去一副可怜相。 We live and learn.（）活到老，学到老。,(2) 省略做宾语的代词She laid her hand lightly on his arm as if to thank
3、 him for it. 她轻轻地把手放在他的胳膊上，好象表示感谢（）。,(3) 省略物主代词So the train came, he pinched his little sister lovingly, and put his great arms about his mothers neck and then was away.于是火车来了，他爱抚地捏了一下 （）小妹妹，用（）两条巨大的胳膊搂了一下（）母亲的脖子，然后就走了。,He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他将（）双手放进（）衣袋，然
4、后耸了耸（）肩。,2) 省略非人称的或强势句中的it,(1) 非人称it Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。He glanced at his watch; it was 7:15.他一看表，是七点一刻了。,(2) 强势用it It was only then that I began to have doubts whether my story would ever be told.只是在这个时候，我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众呢！It was with some diff
5、iculty that he found the way to his own house.他费了不少劲才找到了回家的路。,3) 省略连接词,(1)省略并列连接词 He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。Mr. Smith was good-looking and gentleman-like.史密斯先生相貌英俊，彬彬有礼。,(2)省略从属连接词Because the departure was not easy, we made it brief.告别这件事难受得很，我们就作的简短一些。If winter comes, can spring be f
6、ar behind?冬天来了。春天还会远吗？,(3) 省略表示时间的连接词 John rose gloomily as the train stopped, for he was thinking of his ailing mother.火车停了，约翰郁郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。,4) 省略冠词,A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。 The horse is a useful animal.马是有益的动物。,5) 省略前置词,(1)省略表示时间的前置词The Peoples Republic of China
7、was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。,(2)省略表示地点的前置词Smoking is prohibited in public place.公共场所不准吸烟。,2. Out of semantic (从 语义的角度减省),有时原文中的词汇冗余，有语义重复的现象，在翻译时往往采用省词译法或合词译法。 He is a man of culture and learning.他是个很有学问的人。I hate all these hustle and bustle.我讨厌这种拥挤不堪的场面。,3. Out of Rhetoric (从修辞角度进行减省),为了使译文简洁
8、不拖沓，取得好的修辞效果，有时省略原文中不必要的词汇，而用中文中的四字成语来翻译。These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 这些发展中国家，地大物博，人口众多。,There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, and the grass was dead. 天未下雪,但叶落草枯。,University applicants who had worke
9、d at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。,So fine was the morning except for a streak of wind here and there that the sea and the sky looked all one fabric, as if sails were stuck high up in the sky, or the clouds had dropped down into the sea. 清晨晴朗，微风徐徐，水天一色，征帆如插
10、高天，浮云似坠海底。,II. Addition,Addition （amplification）means supplying necessary words to make his or her version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the target language without adding meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work.,Classifications of Addition in En
11、glish- Chinese Translation,1. Lexical Addition 2. Syntactical Addition 3. Cultural Addition 4. Rhetorical Addition,Lexical Addition This kind of addition includes: addition by supplying such kinds of words as verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, category words, generalization words, and the
12、plural forms of nouns.,1) Adding verbs 2) Adding adj. & adv. 3) Adding nouns 4) Adding plural nouns 5) Adding the tense 6) Adding measure word 7) Adding the generality word Adding the linking word Adding word in idioms translation.,1) Adding verbs,He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没
13、有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。,Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.历史使人明智，诗歌使人遐想，数学使人精细，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。,2) Adding adj. & adv.,And Homer! Is not he likewise human? Even Homer may sometimes nod. To err is human.荷
14、马！他不也是“活生生”的人吗？即使荷马也有 打盹的时候。过失人皆难免。 The crowds melted away。人群 渐渐 散开了。,3) Adding nouns,(1) after the intransitive verbs (2) before the adjectives (3) after the abstract nouns (4) after the concrete nouns,After the intransitive verbs,英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词；当它作不及物动词时，宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面，译成汉语时候应该把它译出来。,To
15、wash before meal饭前洗手 To wash after getting up起床后洗脸 To wash before going to bed睡前洗脚,Before the adjectives,This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.这部打字机真是物美价廉。,After the abstract nouns,某些由动词 或 形容词 派生来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。,Examples (1),to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作 to prepare 准备 prepar
16、ation 准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态 Tense 紧张 tension 紧张局势 arrogant 自满 arrogance 自满情绪 mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为 antagonistic 敌对 antagonism 敌对态度,After all preparations were made, the plane took off.一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机起飞了。,After the concrete nouns,当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时，译文中也常根据上下文增加一些适当的名词。,Examples,He allowed the fa
17、ther to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。,4) Adding plural nouns,(1) Add numerals or other words to indicate plurality 汉语名词表达复数时：The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。此外，可在其后加“们”；或者在前面加“诸位”或“
18、各位”ladies and gentlemen,(2) Add overlapping words to indicate plurality Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。 Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵 鲜花 开满了庭院。,5) Adding the tense,Adding words in the TL text that can indicate the verb tenses in the SL text. 汉语动词没有词形变化，表达时态时要增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表示时间的词。
19、翻译完成时用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”； 翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”； 翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“要”、“会”、“便”等等。,(1) 强调某种时间概念 I had never thought Id be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。(2) 强调时间上的对比 The old man said, “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he
20、was as poor as we are.”老头儿说：“听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。”,6) Adding measure word,Once, they had a quarrel.有一次，他们争吵了一番。 Herb gave her a sly look.赫伯狡猾地看了她一眼。 I was extremely worried about her, but this was neither the place nor the time for a lecture or an argument.我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。
21、,7)Adding the generality word,英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的in short, and so on, etc. ，翻译时可分别译为“总之”、“等等”。但有时英语句子中并没有概括词，而翻译时却往往增加“两人”、“双方”、“等”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等概括词，同时省略英语中的连接词。,Like most wildlife，deer reproduce，grow，and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available. 与大多数野生动物一样，鹿在营养丰
22、富、食物充足的夏秋两季，繁殖、生长储存脂肪。,8) Adding the linking word,Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion.不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧！,9) Adding word in idioms translation,angle for fame 沽名钓誉 In deep waters 水深火热 blow ones own trumpet 自吹自擂 two-faced tactics 两面三刀 have a well-
23、oiled tongue 油嘴滑舌,2. Syntactical Addition,1) 增补原文中省略的动词 （1）指的是在并列关系的复句中由于前后两句的结构相同且使用相同的谓语动词，为了避免重复而在后句中省略的动词。在翻译成汉语的时候，出于句法上的需要，有时还需要将动词补出。（2）在某些英语句子当中由于一个谓语动词连接几个宾语或表语，当这个动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。,Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化
24、为物质。,2) 增补原文比较句中的省略部分This is true of nations as it is of individuals.国家是这样，个人也是这样。,3)增补原文回答句中的省略部分“Nothing but a pony?“ My father asked. “Nothing，”I said. “除了小马什么也不要?”爸爸问。“除了小马什么也不要”，我说。,4)增补表示逻辑关系的词语 有时候英语原文中并没有表达逻辑关系的词语，但根据上下文可以判断出其隐含的逻辑关系，如转折、假设、让步、因果关系等，在翻译成汉语的时候，要适当地在句中或句子之间补充关联词和承上启下的词。 (Addit
25、ion by supplying necessary transition words or connectives for the sake of cohesion. ）,The strongest man cannot alter the law of nature.即使 是最强有力的人也不能改变自然法则.,5)增补/重复同位语结构中的先行词 （antecedent）Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity. 水可由能量来分解，所谓能量也就是电流。,3. Cultural Addition 英汉语言文化的巨大差异
26、所造成的文化缺省也促使译者在译文中增加一些解释成分和反映文化背景的信息，以提高其可读性。,1) 增加比喻的喻意 Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。 Advice and correction roll off him like water off a ducks back. 劝导对他好像水过鸭背似的不起作用。,2 ) 增加背景信息The blond boy quickly crossed himself. 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑
27、。Le Mond, the B.B.C, the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length.法国的世界报、英国广播公司、美国纽约时报及整个阿拉伯报界，都经常大量引用海卡尔的话。,4. Rhetorical Addition 汉语中的语气助词如“的” “吧”、“啊” 、“呀” “嘛”、“吗” 、“啦” 、“了”、 “罢了”、“而已”等等。 不同的语气助词可以表示不同的含义。另外，为了使译文更加生动通顺，也可以增加无损原意的四字词组，四字对偶词组和叠词。,1) 增加一些恰当的语气助词可以更好地表达英语原文的含
28、义和修辞色彩。 Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke.不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。 As I snooze, she talks of anything, everything, all the things that women talk of: books, music, dress, men, other women. 我这边打着盹，她那里说着女人爱说的一切，什么书籍啦、音乐啦、服装啦、男人啦、别的女人啦，五花八门，包罗万象。,2) 增加四字词组，四字对偶词组或叠词 Target priorities were established th
29、ere. 目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing 我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐。,Homework,用增补译法翻译下列句子: We wont retreat, we never have and never will. 2. A knock at the door prevented me from answering his question.3. This thesis summed up the new achievements made in elect
30、ronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.4. These problems had to be weighed up under varying, sometimes uncertain factors.5. My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.,用省略译法翻译下列句子: 1. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast upon his eyes, but said nothin
31、g. 2. Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 3. The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 4. The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach. To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.,谢 谢,再 见,
