1、BUSINESS ETHICS,Business Ethics,Business Ethics: The application of ordinary human moral and ethical considerations in a business setting.“Application”: Like medical ethics, environmental ethics, business ethics is applied ethics. Business: any or all-economic transactions between individuals, betwe
2、en individuals and profit-making organizations, and between profit-making organizations and other such organizations.,“Moral (Latin) and ethical (Greek) considerations”: How people ought to behave (to each other). Values of honesty, fairness, loyalty, justice, respect, etc. “Morality” refers to the
3、standards that an individual or group has about what is right and wrong conduct, good and evil, and the values embedded, fostered or pursued in the act.,Everyone knows the business is to make money for the purpose of.Business earns more to the national capital flow more favorable of the staff at the
4、 same time also bring many benefits.But the business must abide by business morality to make money.,Lack of business morality will bring great harm for example，damage the interests of consumer.Destroy the fair competition order. Damage the interest of the other competitors.At the same time ,serious
5、damage to the enterprises own interests.,So a lack of business morality of the enterprise is difficult to survive in the society If students want to become a successful entrepreneur, to follow the business ethics under the conditions, maximize the benefits, is a marvelous man.,while good ethics ofte
6、n equates to good business,sometimes it doesnt. Sometimes being truly ethicalmeans giving up something you want in exchangefor doing the right thing. Thats why we worry about ethics in the first place-if it didnt cost us anything, everyone would be ethical all the time.,Moral Standards,What distingu
7、ishes moral standards from amoral standards? 1. Moral standards deal with matters that can seriously injure or benefit human beings. E.g. theft, rape, fraud, slander, murder. 2. The validity of moral standards rests on the adequacy of reasons to support and justify them, not on decisions of majority
8、 or authoritative bodies. E.g. that one ought to tell the truth does not depend on how many people will vote on it nor on the legislature. One indication of justification is the consensus of participants in communication. (Habermas),3. Moral standards are to be preferred to other values, including s
9、elf-interest. E.g. honesty is to be preferred than cheating, although cheating can make me graduate. 4. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. Another way of expressing this is universalizable or taking the point of view of an ideal observer. Still, this impartiality must be balanced
10、 with partiality towards those we have a special relationship (family and friends) and the poor and the disabled.,5. Moral standards are associated with special emotions such as guilt, shame, remorse, praise, indignation. What is common to all five characteristics? None other than society taken in i
11、ts broadest sense, or in philosophical terms, the other. In other words, individual responsibility cannot be taken in isolation from social responsibility.,Individual and Social Responsibility,In the first place, we acquire our individual moral standards from society: the family, friends, school, ch
12、urch, associations, and media. As we grow up, experience, learning and intellectual development may lead us to revise these standards, adopt new ones, or reinforce existing ones in order to meet moral challenges and dilemmas of adult life.,Morality is not just a question of avoiding evil (individual
13、) but of pro-actively doing good (social). Justice is not just avoiding doing harm to the other person but of responding to the objective demands of the situation, to the call of a higher value.,I am not solely responsible to myself or to my family, but also to others, to the community. I cannot jus
14、t be moral at home and not in the workplace. The social and the individual interpenetrate. At times, the individual and the social come in conflict, and there is need to apply moral reasoning.,Moral Reasoning,Moral reasoning is the reasoning process by which human behaviors, policies, institutions a
15、re judged to be in accordance with or in violation of moral standards.,Moral reasoning involves two essential components: Moral standards that requires, prohibits, values, or condemns, and The factual evidence or information that a particular person, behavior, policy or institution has the kind of f
16、eatures that the moral standard requires, prohibits, values or condemns.In argument form, (1) forms the major premise, (2) the second premise, and the conclusion is the moral judgment.,To evaluate the adequacy of moral reasoning, various criteria are used by ethicians: 1. Moral reasoning must be log
17、ical, that is, the premises must be true and the reasoning valid. 2. The factual evidence cited must be accurate, relevant, and complete. 3. The moral standards involved in the persons moral reasoning must be consistent. Consistency means that the moral standards involved in the reasoning are consis
18、tent with each other and with other beliefs the person holds. Consistency also means that one is willing to accept the consequences of applying ones moral standards to all persons in similar circumstances.,Summary: Business ethics is a specialized study of moral right and wrong. It concentrates on moral standards as they apply particularly to business policies, institutions and behavior.,Thank you!,
