1、专题十二非谓语动词,学科网备战2010届高考英语一轮复习,目 录,知识要点 ,高考链接 ,考点诠释 ,考纲解读 ,考纲解读,非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。它们是高中所学的基础语法，也是高考必考内容。既是高考的亮点又是高考的热点。 【高考考点透视】 1非谓语动词的构成和语法功能及用法对比。 2非谓语动词的完成式、被动式的用法和特点。 3非谓语动词的复合结构及否定形式。 4不定式与动名词，动名词与现在分词，现在分词与过去分词，分词作状语与独立结构等用法对比。,返回目录,考纲解读,5不定式和动名词在及物动词后作宾语的区别是考查的热点。 6过去分词作定语，不定式和分词作宾语补足语的用法。 7不定
2、式标志to和介词to的用法判断等。 8带to与不带to的不定式的用法及区别。,返回目录,知识要点,返回目录,非谓语动词,动名词 gerund,不定式 infinitive,分词 participle,非谓语动词,1性质：它具有动词的特点，但在句子中起着名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当主语、表语、定语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语的作用，即：除谓语以外一切成分。,2形式,不定式相当于名词、形容词、副词。充当主语、宾语、定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语。 动名词相当于名词充当主语、表语、定语、宾语。 分词相当于形容词、副词。作表语、定语、宾语补足语、状语形成分,3语态：必须搞清逻辑主语与非谓语动词的关系，从而
3、来确定非谓语动词态的语态。,1 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来泛指一个动作，没有特别的时间意义。Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。 Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。 2 动词-ing形式的一般式可用来表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 他们有说有笑地走出教室。,3 动词-ing形式的一般式有时也可表示在谓语动词的动作之前或之后发生的动作。I remembered send
4、ing him an e-mail last week. 我记得上星期给他发过一份电子邮件。He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建议下个星期天带我女儿去动物园。,动词-ing形式的完成式表示一个已完成的动作，这个动作发生或完成在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well. 在现代英语中，作宾语的动词-ing形式的完成式可用一般式来代替。 I really regretted missing suc
5、h an exciting lecture. 错过了这么振奋人心的演讲，我真的很遗憾。 (=I rally regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.) We remembered seeing the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 (=We remembered having seen the film.),动词-ing形式的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是动词-ing形式表示的动作的承受者。 The question being discussed is very important. 正在讨论的问题很重要。I cant stand
6、being kept waiting. 我不堪久等。 Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library. 在被带去看了实验室之后，我们又被带去参观校图书馆。,动词-ing形式的否定形式由not加动词-ing形式构成。 His not coming made everyone present very disappointed. 他没来使在场的每个人都很失望。,1 动词-ing形式可直接置于句首作主语。 Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。2 为了
7、保持句子平衡，通常用先行词it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句末。crying over spilt milk. It is no use 作无益的后悔是没有用的。 Its a waste of time arguing about it. 争论这事是浪费时间。,必 背 动词-ing形式作主语的几个常用句型。 Its no good talking to him. 和他谈话是没有用的。It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come. 给他打电话没用。他不愿意来。 Its worth making an effort. 努力一下是
8、值得的。 There is no saying when it will stop raining. 无法断定这场雨什么时候会停。 There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。,1 表示主语的内容 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 2 表示主语具有的特征 The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。,1. Her work is _( look )after the children. 2.
9、My aim is _( go ) to Tsinghua University. 3. One of my bad habit is _(bite ) nails（指甲）.,必 背 只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有：admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意 fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 r
10、isk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 设想 cannot help 情不自禁,1 动词-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理状态的动词后面作宾语补足语，和一个名词或代词一起构成复合宾语。We heard the children shouting upstairs. 我们听见孩子们在楼上叫喊。 I felt my heart beating violently.
11、 我觉得我的心在猛烈地跳动。,2 动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语补足语的区别。 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用动词-ing形式构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用动词-ing形式时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上公共汽车。He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.他看见一个女孩上公共汽车后开走了。,3 动词-ing形式也可用在have, get, le
12、ave, keep, set, catch等表示“致使”的动词后作宾语补足语。 They should not leave us wondering what they will do next. 他们不应该不让我们知道他们下一步要做什么。 I wont have you running about in the room. 我不允许你在房间里跑来跑去。 We kept the fire burning all night long. 我们让火整夜燃烧着。,如果宾语补足语是一系列的动作，通常只能用不 定式来表示，不用动词-ing形式。 I saw him enter the room sit
13、down and light a cigarette. 我看见他走进房间，坐了下来，点燃了一根香 烟。,1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般 具有两种含义。 说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a method of working 工作方法,必 背 a drawing board 画板 a sewing machine 缝纫机 a swimming pool 游泳池 a wa
14、iting room 候车室 a dining car 餐车 a driving permit 驾驶许可证 a singing competition 歌咏比赛 a walking stick 手杖, 表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子,必 背 a barking do
15、g 狂吠的狗 a disappointing play 令人失望的戏剧 an astonishing adventure 惊人的冒险 a sleeping baby 熟睡的婴儿 boiling water 正在沸腾的水 failing sight 逐渐衰退的视力 the setting sun 落日 the coming week 下一周,2 作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面。 The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.装着醋的那个瓶子应送到实验室去 3 某些情况下，动词-ing形式
16、不能用来作定语，必须用定语从句。 作定语的动词-ing形式表示的动作要与主句谓语的动作同时发生，如两者不能同时发生的话，则需使用定语从句。【误】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture. 【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture. 昨天来的教授将要给我们作一个讲座。, 动词-ing形式的完成式一般只用来作状语， 不作定语。【误】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake wil
17、l be rebuilt soon. 【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon. 被地震毁坏的庙宇很快就要重建了。,动词-ing形式可以作状语，修饰动词，在句 中表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行 为方式或伴随情况等。动词-ing形式作时间、原因、 条件、让步状语时多位于句首；作结果、伴随情 况状语时常位于句末。,1 表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
18、我们已经作好了充分准备，现在可以应考了。(= After we have made full preparations.) 2 表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。 Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 由于生病，他昨天没有上学。(= Since he was ill.),3 表示结果，相当于一个并列谓语。 His father died, leaving him a lot of money. = and left him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱. 4 表示条件，相当于一个条件状语从句。 Working har
19、d at your lessons, you will succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。 5 表示让步，相当于一个让步状语从句。 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. = Although they knew all this.尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。,6 表示行为方式、伴随情况或补充说明，相 当于一个并列结构。 He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time. =
20、.and stared at the sky for a long time他躺在草地上，长时间地望着天空。,e.g. Having finished my homework,I went to watchTV.,e.g. _a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.A. Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not received,C,没收信的动作发生在决定写信这一动作之前所以应该用having done ;此题又是表否定含义，分词的否定式为not do
21、ing/not having done; 故选 c,-ing 形式,-ing 形式主要考查其在句子中作定语和状语的用法,A,He rushed to the train station, only _ the train had gone.,A. finding B. found C. finds D. to find,D,Making it the popular sport in the world为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,v-ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：,His parents died, leaving him an orphan.,
22、He rushed to the post office only to find it was closed,动 词 -ing 形 式 的 逻 辑 主 语,动词-ing形式作主语时，其逻辑主语对于谈话双方是不言而喻的。 Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。 (Reading aloud的逻辑主语是泛指任何人，因而无需表达出来)如果作主语的动词-ing形式需要自己的逻辑主语时，一般用物主代词或名词所有格(即名词后加s) His fathers falling ill worried him greatly. 他父亲生病使他很着急。 (his fath
23、er是falling ill的逻辑主语),动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her),动词-ing形式作定语时，其逻辑主语就是它修饰的名词。 an interesting book 一本有意思的书= a book that interests its readersa running stream 一条奔流的小溪 = a stream th
24、at is running,如果动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者，就要用-ing形式的被动式。 The meeting being held in Beijing now is of great importance. 正在北京召开的会议非常重要。 (the meeting和“举行“之间的关系是被动的，所以用being held),动词-ing形式作宾语时，其逻辑主语常是句子中的主语。如要明确动作的执行者，也可以在-ing形式前加上名词或代词表示逻辑主语。 比 较He insisted on doing it himself. 他坚持要自己做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是句子的主语
25、“他”) He insisted on my doing it. 他坚持要我做。 (doing it的逻辑主语是“我”),Would you mind opening the window? 请你把窗子打开好吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“你”) Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我把窗子打开吗？ (opening the window的逻辑主语是“我”),动词-ing形式作宾语补足语时，它的逻辑主语就是它前面的宾语。 We often hear her singing this song. 我们经常听见她唱这首歌。 (
26、singing this song的逻辑主语是“她”) We often hear this song (being) sung. 我们经常听见这首歌被人唱。 (逻辑主语“this song“和宾语补足语“唱”的关系是被动的，所以用动词-ing形式的被动式或-ed分词。),1 动词-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语保持一致。 Entering the classroom, I found nobody in it. 如动词-ing形式表示的动作不是句中主语发出或承受的，那就是误用。这种无依着的-ing形式，语法上称之为“垂悬分词”。 【误】Looking out through
27、the window, the garden was beautiful. (looking out through the window的逻辑主语是the garden，显然不对) 【正】Looking out through the window, we saw a beautiful garden.,【误】Reading the evening newspaper, a dog started barking. (逻辑主语是dog，它不会看晚报) 【正】I was reading the evening newspaper when a dog started barking. 2 如不
28、能和句子中的主语保持一致，该动词-ing形式必须有自己的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词来担任。 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.,必 背 高中阶段有一些固定的动词-ing形式短语，如generally speaking, judging from.,considering., talking of., supposing.等，它们的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不一致。这种动词-ing短语可当作一个插入语。 Gene
29、rally speaking, boys are more interested in science than girls.一般说来，男孩比女孩对科学更感兴趣. Judging from his accent, he must come from Canada.从他的口音看，他一定来自加拿大.,Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐 会。 Supposing it rains, what will you do? 假使下雨，你会怎
30、么办呢？,B) 关于逻辑主语的问题1. _to the meeting surprised all of theboards.A. Mike coming B. Mike came C. Mike coming D. Mikes coming2. Its no use _ that you didnt know therules.A. you pretend B. you pretending C. your pretending D. your pretendChange the following into the simple sentences. That Peter didnt at
31、tend the meeting made it put off.,动词不定式,To do that sort of thing is foolish。,I want to see you this evening.,All you have to do is to finish it quickly.,We found a house to live in.,She came here to study English.,I warned the patient not to eat cold water after the operation.,主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,宾补,作主语,
32、To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.,To give up smoking is right.,1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。,2. 放弃吸烟是对的。,作宾语,Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for a job.,He promised not to tell anyone about it.,1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。,2. 他答应不告述任何人这事。,作表语,My job is to teach English.,To see
33、 is to believe.,1. 我的工作是教英语。,2. 眼见为实。,作定语,Do you have anything to say?,1. 你有什么要说的吗?,2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人,Betty was the first to know the truth,作状语,He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard. They jumped with joy to hear the news. Im too tired to walk any further tonight.,目的状语.,原因状语.,结果状语,作宾补,She
34、asked me to stay there.,1. 她叫我呆在这儿。,2.请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。,Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.,注意,A.有些动词后面的不定式不带to，如feel（一感）hear,listen to（二听）make, have, let（三让） see, watch, notice, observe（四看）.,I heard them sing a pop song . The teacher made me answer the question. We watched them play fo
35、otball .,注意,B. 动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加 not.,My father decided not to take up the job.,The teacher told us not to be late again.,注意,C. 带疑问词的动词不定式在to 前加疑问词。,Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.,Can you tell me where to get the book?,注意,D. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去to 后面的动词，只保留to 。,A:Would you like t
36、o come to my party?,Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).,B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).,Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。,动词不定式的时态,1. I opened the door to enter the room.,2. Mr. Smith is going to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.,. 一般式( to do ).,不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（
37、或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。,.进行式( to be doing),1. I am very glad to be working with you.,2. He is said to be coming.,如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。,动词不定式的时态,动词ed形式也是非谓语动词的一种，它具有动词的一些特点，同时也具有形容词、副词的句法功能，在句中可用作表语、定语、状语和宾语补足等。,1 动词ed形式表示已完成的动作。 除了作形容词用的动词-ed形式外，动词-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。 Born and brought up in
38、 the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。 One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。 The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。,2 及物动词的ed形式一般表示被动的意思。 Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。
39、 (句子的主语I和动词give之间是被动关系。) When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。 (宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。) The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有帮助。,3 不及物动词ed形式只表示完成的意义，并不带有被动的含义。 an escaped prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner wh
40、o has escaped a retired worker 退休工人= a worker who has retired a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 = a guest who has just arrived People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。,1 动词ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。 The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。 When we got there, the shop was clos
41、ed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。 比 较 要把动词-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态表示被动动作。 Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。 Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。,2 同一动词的ed形式与ing形式作表语时的区别。 动词-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理 感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而动词- ing形式作表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动 的意思。 They were frightened to hea
42、r the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。 At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。,比较： amusing 使人高兴的 amused开心的 encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓励的 disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的 exciting 使人激动的 excited激动的 puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的 satisfying 令人满意的 s
43、atisfied 感到满意的,1）分词与动名词作表语时的区别： 1.Our plan is _( finish ) the task before May. 2. Toms job was _( guard ) thefactory. 3. His lecture is _( interest ),which made us _( interest ). 4. The situation is _( encourage).,当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之 间是被动关系时，一般应用动词-ed形式作宾语补 足语。 1. 在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch,
44、find等后作宾语补足语。 I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。 We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。,比 较 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing形式作 宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。 I couldnt get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。
45、It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。,2 在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作 宾语补足语。 动词-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。 Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。 动词-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。 He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的
46、讲话。 。动词-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。 They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。,比 较 动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词-ing 形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。 I couldnt get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。 He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。 It is not hard to get him talking; the
47、problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。 Can you really get that old clock going again? 你真的能让那只旧钟再走起来吗？, 使役动词have后既可接动词-ed形式，也可 接动词不定式和动词-ing形式作宾语补足语。 三者之间有一定的区别。 have 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示让某人做某事*Im going to have the teacher answer this question after class. 我打算课后让老师回答这个问题。,1. 让某人做某事或让某种情况发生。*He had the
48、car waiting outside. 他让小汽车在外面等着。 2. 常用于否定结构，表示“不容忍”、“不能让”。*We wont have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能容忍那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。,1. 宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，表示某事由别人做。*Where did you have your hair cut? 你在哪儿理的发？2. 表示主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境。*The house had its roof blown off. 房子的屋顶被吹掉了。3. 完成某事(自己也可能参与)。*He has had one thousand yuan saved.他已存了1000元。4. 否定式表示“不允许”。*I wont have anything said against her.我不允许别人说反对她的话。,
