1、The Modern Period,现代时期英国文学 ( from the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century),学习目的,1识记: A. 20世纪英国社会的政治、经济、文化背景 B英国20世纪批判现实主义文学 C现代主义文学的兴起与衰落 2领会: A. 现代主义文学创作的基本主张 B英国现代主义文学思潮 (1)诗歌 (2)小说 (3)戏剧 3应用:A名词解释:现代主义B英国现代主义文学的特点C现代主义文学对当代文学的影响,社会历史背景(p311,para1),19世纪末到20世纪初
2、,欧洲的自然科学与社会科学都有长足的发展,物质财富大量增加。当自由资本主义进入垄断型经济时期,社会化大生产与生产资料私有制之间的矛盾便愈发激化,导致接连不断的经济危机与大范围失业,贫富分化走向极端。由此引发的第一次世界大战削弱了大英帝国,使人民倍受其苦。战后的经济萧条与精神失落使人民看清了资本主义背后的罪恶面孔。而第二次世界大战更大幅度地摧垮了大英帝国,人民伤亡,经济倒退,殖民地在民族解放运动中也纷纷独立。日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。,思想背景(p311-p312),马克思(Karl Marx)、恩格斯(Friedrich Engels)开创了科学社会主义(Scientific socialis
3、m),为斗争中的无产资级指明了道路。 达尔文(Darwin)的进化论(theory of evolution)打击了人们的宗教信仰, “适者生存“(the survival of the fittest)说很大程度上推进了殖民主义(colonialism)与沙文主义(jingoism)。 爱因斯坦(Einstein)的相对论(theory of relativity )也完全更新了时间与空间的概念(the concepts of time and space)。 弗洛依德( Freud)的精神分析法(analytical psychology )改变了人们对人性(human nature)的认
4、识。 非理性哲学: 德国哲学家亚瑟叔本华( Arthur Schopenhaucer)的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉(will and intuition)的重要性。继承了叔本华的理论后,尼采( Friedrich Nietzsche)更进一步地反叛理性主义(against rationalism)与基督教精神,推崇强权与霸权。亨利伯格森(Henry Bergson)在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学(irrational philosophy),强调创造力、直觉、非理性与无意识。,现代主义运动,起源(source)(p312,para2-3):现代主义起源于怀疑论(skepticism
5、)和对资本主义的幻想破灭(disillusion of capitalism)。19世纪晚期法国的象征主义(The French symbolism)预示了现代主义的诞生。 理论基础(theory)(p312,para4):现代主义以非理性哲学(the irrational philosophy)和精神分析原理(the theory of psycho-analysis)作为理论基础。,现代主义运动,主题(theme)(p312,para4):the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man a
6、nd society, man and man, and man and himself人与自然、人与社会、人与人、人与自我之间被扭曲的、渐渐疏远的、病态的关系。 特色(features)(p312,para4):concentrate more on the private, the subjective, the inner being of an individual, the psychic time现代派作家更注重描写个人而非公众,强调主观而非客观。他们都十分关注个人的内心世界,因此心理时间比实际时间显得更为重要。他们的作品中过去、现在、未来都混合在一起在某个人的意识中同时出现。,现
7、代主义文学,A.诗歌(p313-p314) A)The 20th century has witnessed a great achevement in English poetry. Hardy expressed his strong sympathies for the suffering poor(对贫苦人民深切的同情) and his bitter disgusts at the social evils(对社会罪恶的极度厌恶) in his poetry as in his novels. B)The early poems of Pound(庞德) and Eliot(艾略特)
8、and Yeat(叶芝)s matured poetry marked the rise of “modern poetry“(标志着现实诗歌的崛起). C)The 1930s witnessed great economic depressions(经济危机),mass unemployment(失业), and the rise of the Nazis(纳粹的出现), most of the young intellects started to turn to the left(转向左翼).(因而这一时期称为“红色的三十年代“,其间的许多年轻诗人都在作品中展示了激进的政治热情及对法西斯
9、的严正抗议。) D)With the coming of the 1950s,there was a return of realistic poetry again(现实主义诗歌又开始回潮).,现代主义文学,B.小说 Realistic novelists(现实主义小说) (at the early age):John Galsworthy, H.G. Well and Arnold Bennett (their styles are the continuity of Victorian tradition) Modernist novelists(现代主义小说) (the streams
10、 of consciousness in 1930s): James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Dorothy Richardson, E.M. Forster and D.H. Lawrence (This is the golden age) The Angry Young Men(愤怒的年轻人): Kingsley Amis (the first to attack the privileges), John Wain John Braine and Alan Sillitoe,现代主义文学,C.戏剧 Modernism(现代主义): Oscar Wilde the
11、pioneer of modern drama George Bernard Shaw best known since Shakespeare Galsworthy Irish National Theater Movement(爱尔兰国家剧院运动): W.B. Yeats, Lady Georgory, J.M. Synge and Sean OCasey Poetic drama(诗剧): T.S. Eliot regarded drama as the best medium English Dramatic Revolution(英国戏剧革命): The working class
12、drama and The Theater of Absurd(荒诞派戏剧),1.George Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳,爱尔兰剧作家1925年“因为作品具有理想主义和人道主义”而获诺贝尔文学奖,Alan Lerner曾改编其喜剧作品卖花女(Pygmalion)成音乐剧窈窕淑女(My Fair Lady),该音乐剧又改编为好莱坞同名卖座电影而家喻户晓。在戏剧上,地位仅次于莎士比亚。,A.戏剧创作,A)The early period: A The works: His first play is Widowers Houses鳏夫的房产. Meanwhile Shaws play, C
13、andida康蒂坦 , was produced and since then, Shaws position as the leading playwright of his time was established. Widowers House 鳏夫的房产 and Mrs.Warrens Profession 华伦夫人的职业 can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaws early plays.B The theme: His early plays were mainly concerned with social pr
14、oblems(社会问题) and directed towards the criticism of the contemporary social, economic, moral and religious evils.,B) The middle period: A The miscellaneous(各种各样的) subjects: There are history plays, the idea of “Life Force ”(生活力量) and other subjects.BThe works: a. The history plays include Caesar and
15、Cleopatra西泽和克丽奥佩特拉 and St.Joan 圣女贞德 . b.Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of “Life Force.”The typical examples of this group are Man and Superman 人与超人 and Back to Methuselah回到麦修色拉. c.Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subjects: The Apple Cart 苹果车is about politics;John Bulls Other I
16、sland is about racial problems;Pygmalion 皮格马利翁is about culture and art.,Pygmalion 皮格马利翁,皮格马利翁是希腊神话中的塞浦路斯国王,善雕刻。他不喜欢塞浦路斯的凡间女子,决定永不结婚。他用神奇的技艺雕刻了一座美丽的象牙少女像,在夜以继日的工作中,皮格马利翁把全部的精力、全部的热情、全部的爱恋都赋予了这座雕像。他像对待自己的妻子那样抚爱她,装扮她,为她起名加拉泰亚,并向神乞求让她成为自己的妻子。爱神阿芙洛狄忒被他打动,赐予雕像生命,并让他们结为夫妻。“皮格马利翁效应”成为一个人只要对艺术对象有着执着的追求精神,便会发
17、生艺术感应的代名词。,C) The Later period: AThe features: In the 1930s, Shaw continued his dramatic career and wrote several plays, but his satire became weaker and less effectual(有效果的).BThe works: Too True to Be Good is a better play of the later period,with the authors almost nihilistic bitterness(虚无的痛苦感) on
18、 the subjects of the cruelty and madness of WWI and the aimlessness(无目的) and disillusion(绝望) of the young,人物趣闻,捐赠美国妇女和平行动委员会曾写信给萧伯纳,请他为筹款义卖捐赠一本亲笔签名的书。萧伯纳回信拒绝说:“我认为这种该由联合国进行的事业,对于你们小小的妇女行动委员会来说真是太大了。”结果,委员会竟然拍卖了这封信,得到了一百七十美元;而当时一本萧伯纳亲笔签名的书只售七十美元。巧对奚落有一次,瘦削的萧伯纳遇到一位大腹便便的商人。商人想借机奚落他,便说:“人们看见你,就知道世界上现在正在
19、闹饥荒。”萧伯纳不慌不忙地予以回击,说:“人们看见你,就知道闹饥荒的原因了。”虽然他只是在别人的原话里加上几个字,但经过这样的改动之后,谁都能读出话中对商人惟利是图、为富不仁、奸诈狡猾的无情揭露与针砭意味。这样的“妙答”真是大快人心。,个人语录,Since light travels faster than sound,people appear bright until you hear them speak. -Bernard Shaw 由于光速比音速快,所以在我们听到人们开口之前,个个都显得很聪明。萧伯纳I was born intelligent - education ruined
20、me. -Bernard Shaw 我生下来时很聪明的教育把我给毁了。 萧伯纳The more you learn, the more you know. The more you know, the more you forget. The more you forget, the less you know. So why learn? -Bernard Shaw 学得越多,知道得越多。知道得越多,忘得越多。忘得越多,知道得越少。那么何必学呢? 萧伯纳,试题精选,_ is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Sha
21、kespeare. A. Oscar Wilde B. Christopher Marlowe C. John Dryden D. Bernard Shaw,2.John Galsworthy (高尔斯华绥18671933),高尔斯华绥(1867-1933)是英国小说家、剧作家,生于伦敦,曾在牛津大学读法律,后放弃律师工作从事文学创作。 1906年,高尔斯华绥完成长篇小说有产业的人(The Man of Property),获得广泛好评,他也因此而被公认为英国第一流作家。高尔斯华绥是个多产作家,在二十多年的创作生涯中,几乎每年写一部小说和一部剧本。1932年,高尔斯华绥“因其描述的卓越艺术-这
22、种艺术在福尔赛世家(The Forsyte Saga)中达到高峰”而获得诺贝尔文学奖。,重要作品,长篇小说三部曲: 三部曲福尔赛世家The Forsyte Saga(由有产业的人1906、骑虎1920和出租1821组成)、 三部曲现代喜剧A Modern Comedy(由白猿1926、银匙1926和天鹅之歌1928组成)、 三部曲尾声End of the Chapter(女侍1931、开花的荒野1932和河那边1933组成), 以及剧本银匣The Silver Box(1936)、斗争(1909)、群众(1914)和逃跑(1926)等。高尔斯华绥的作品以十九世纪后期和二十世纪初期的英国社会为背
23、景,描写了英国资产阶级的社会和家庭生活,以及盛极而衰的历史。他的作品语言简炼,形象生动,讽刺辛辣。,有产业的人(The Man of Property),有产业的人(1906)是高尔斯华绥的福尔赛世家三部曲中的第一部。书中所描写的福尔赛世家正处于由兴盛到衰落的转折时期。福尔赛一家是金融家、交易所经纪人、拥有房地产或者股票的资产阶级,他们对立身处世、待人接物,对衣食住行、家庭关系,对殖民地、不列颠帝国等都形成了本质上相同的看法,这就是书中所讲的“福尔赛精神”,它的主要特征是“紧抓住财产不放,不管是老婆,还是房子,还是金钱,还是名誉”。,试题精选,A typical Forsyte, accord
24、ing to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of( ), who never pays any attention to human feelings. A.morality B. justice C.property D. humor,Artistic features,Technically(严格说来), he was more traditional than adventurous, focusing on plot development and character portrayal. By emphasizing th
25、e critical element in his writing, he dauntlessly(勇敢地) laid bare(赤裸裸地展示) the true features of the good and the evil of the bourgeois society.,3. William Butler Yeats(叶芝18651939),爱尔兰著名诗人、剧作家和散文家,1923年度诺贝尔文学奖得主,获奖的理由是“用鼓舞人心的诗篇,以高度的艺术形式表达了整个民族的精神风貌(inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form that
26、gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation)。一生创作丰富,备受敬仰。 其诗吸收浪漫主义、唯美主义、神秘主义、象征主义和玄学诗的精华,几经变革,最终熔炼出独特的风格。 其艺术被视为英语诗从传统到现代过渡的缩影。 艾略特曾誉之为“二十世纪最伟大的英语诗人”。,试题精选,_ was awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. A. Bernard Shaw B. John Galsworthy C. W. B. Yeats D. T. S. Eliot,叶芝是爱尔兰文艺复兴运动的领袖,也是爱尔兰国家剧
27、院(后来的艾比剧院)的创建者之一。 他渴望创立纯粹的爱尔兰文学,这样可以让世界认识到爱尔兰的历史,勾画出爱尔兰民族文化的轮廓。 叶芝早期的韵文都与爱尔兰神话和民间传说有关,经常带着神秘和忧郁的色彩。他的作品不仅受到爱尔兰口头传说的影响还受到法国象征主义作家威廉布莱克和玄学的影响。 他是一位传统的浪漫主义诗人。用抒情的、感伤的方法描写爱尔兰的历史。他年长以后,用一种朴实、热情、刻板的风格处理同时代的作品。 这类作品包括:塔楼、旋梯都是他最著名的作品,叶芝对世界浪漫主义诗歌具有非常大的贡献意义。,重要作品,永恒的追逐,千古的绝唱,1889年,叶芝结识了茅德冈小姐。她是一位热衷于爱尔兰民族主义运动的
28、女性。冈昂小姐非常仰慕叶芝早年诗作雕塑的岛屿,并且主动和叶芝结识。叶芝深深的迷恋上了这位小姐,而这个女人也极大的影响了叶芝以后的创作和生活。经过两年的密切交往后,叶芝向冈昂小姐求婚,却遭到拒绝。其后,他又共计向她求婚三次,分别是在1889年、1900年和1901年,均遭到了拒绝。尽管如此,叶芝对冈昂小姐仍然魂牵梦萦,并以她为原型创作了剧本凯丝琳女伯爵。在剧中,凯丝琳将灵魂卖给了魔鬼,好让她的同胞免于饥荒,最后上了天堂。此剧直到1899年才得以上演,引发了宗教及政治上的诸多争议。终于,在1903年,冈小姐嫁给了爱尔兰民族运动政治家约翰麦克布莱德。,有人只知道当你老了这首诗感人,是感动了一个多世纪
29、的爱情绝唱。可是在它背后,却隐藏着多么沮丧的爱情悲剧。当初,叶芝的爱来的那么自然,毫无雕琢;他爱上她,如同惊鸿一瞥。那一刻,她伫立窗前,身旁盛开着一大团苹果花;她光彩夺目,仿佛自身就是洒满了阳光的花瓣。他说,我从来没想到在一个活着的女人身上看到这样超凡的美。但他和茅德冈之间却可望不可及,痛楚和喜悦交织,希望和失望相随。这种爱情,让诗人感情上痛苦一生,但激活了诗人心灵深处的激情,让他的灵魂得到了升华。叶芝一直等待着,即使他的意中人早已经是别人的妻子,直到52岁,才结婚。那是在已经死去丈夫的茅德-冈再次拒绝了叶芝的求婚后,在叶芝向茅德冈的女儿伊莎贝拉求婚被拒绝之后,叶芝终于停止了这种无望的念头。但
30、事实上,叶芝还是无法忘记茅德冈。在他生命的最后几个月,他还给茅德冈写信,约她出来喝茶,但还是被拒绝。而且,茅德-冈还坚决拒绝参加他的葬礼。世上对爱情终生执着,却又无法得到哪怕是一点点回报,只有叶芝一人了。,When You Are Old,When you are old and grey and full of sleep And nooding by the fire,take down this book And slowly Read,and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How
31、 many loved your monments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrow of your changing face;And beding down beside the glowing bars, Murmur,a little sadly,how love fied And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his
32、 face amid a crowd of stars。,当你老了 冰心译 当你老了,头发花白,睡意沉沉, 倦坐在炉边,取下这本书来, 慢慢读着,追梦当年的眼神 那柔美的神采与深幽的晕影。 多少人爱过你青春的片影, 爱过你的美貌,以虚伪或是真情, 惟独一人爱你那朝圣者的灵魂, 爱你哀戚的脸上岁月的留痕。 在炉栅边,你弯下了腰, 低语着,带着浅浅的伤感, 爱情是怎样逝去,又怎样步上群山, 怎样在繁星之间藏住了脸。,4. T.S.Eliot 艾略特,托马斯艾略特是英国20世纪影响最大的诗人。他出生于美国密苏里州圣路易斯。祖父是牧师,曾任大学校长。父亲经商,母亲是诗人,写过宗教诗歌。 艾略特曾在哈佛
33、大学学习哲学和比较文学,接触过梵文和东方文化,对黑格尔派的哲学家颇感兴趣,也曾受法国象征主义文学的影响。 1914年,艾略特结识了美国诗人庞德。第一次世界大战爆发后,他来到英国,并定居伦敦,先后做过教师和银行职员等。1922年创办文学评论季刊标准,任主编至1939年。1927年加入英国籍。 艾略特认为自己在政治上是保皇党,宗教上是英国天主教徒,文学上是古典主义者。 托马斯艾略特表达了西方一代人精神上的幻灭,被认为是西方现代文学中具有划时代意义的作品。 1948年因“革新现代诗,功绩卓著”,获诺贝尔奖文学奖。,A.诗歌创作,A) The early period: The more import
34、ant poems of this period are :“The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock,“普鲁弗洛克的情歌 Gerontion, “ The Waste land, 荒原and The Hollow Men.空心人布鲁富劳克, ,a. The Waste Land has been hailed as a landmark and a modal(标志和模范) of the 20th-century English poetry, comparable to Wordsworths Lyrical Ballads.b. The waste Land
35、is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup(精神分裂) of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.,试题精选,Which of the following poems by T.S. Eliot is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry? APoems 1909-1925 BThe Hollow Man C
36、Prufrock and Other Observations DThe Waste Land,试题精选,Which of the following poems is believed to best reflect the 20th century peoples disillusionment and frustration in a meaningless society? A. T.S Eliots Four Quartets B. T.S Eliots The Waste Land C. S. B. Yeatss “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” D. S.
37、 B. Yeatss Down by the Salley Gardens,荒原(1922)和空心人(1925)集中表现了西方人面对现代文明濒临崩溃、希望颇为渺茫的困境,以及精神极为空虚的生存状态。空心人中绝望的情绪十分明显:人是空心人,头脑里塞满了稻草,人的声音“完全没有意义,像风吹在干草上”,而整个世界将在“嘘”的一声中结束。空心人是失去灵魂的现代人的象征。,B)The later period: In his later period, Eliot produced only two major volums of poetic works: Ash Wednesday 灰星期三 Fou
38、r Quartets 四个四重奏 (四个四重奏使作者于1948年荣获诺贝尔文学奖),B.戏剧创作,A) The works: Eliot had written in his lifetime five full-length plays: Murder in the Cathedral教堂凶杀案 The family Reunion家人团圆 The Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会 The Confidential Clerk机要人员 The Elder Statesman年长的政客 All the plays have something to do with Christian th
39、emesB) The representatives: Murder in the Cathedral is concerned with the death and martyrdom of Thomas Becket. The family Reunion has a modern setting.,C.散文创作,A)The theme: His essays are mainly concerned with cultural, social, religious, as well as literary issues. B) The representatives: “Traditio
40、n and Individual Talent,“ 传统和个人才能Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.(强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用) Eliot argued that a poets mind should remain“inert“(不动的) and “neutral“(中立的) towards his subject matter.“作品应保持非个性化“的主张,5. D.H.Lawrence 戴维 伯特 劳伦斯,20世纪
41、英国作家,是20世纪英语文学中最重要的人物之一,也是最具争议性的作家之一。主要成就包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文、游记和书信。劳伦斯创作深受弗洛伊德心理分析学影响。劳伦斯的作品过多地描写了色情,受到过猛烈的抨击和批评。但他在作品中力求探索人的灵魂深处,并成功地运用了感人的艺术描写,因此,从他生前直到迄今为止,他的作品一直被世界文坛所重视。,小说创作,A)The early period: A The works: The White Peacock.白孔雀(1911) The Trespasser.过客(1912) Sons and Lovers儿子和情人B. The masterpieces:
42、The Rainbow 虹& Women in Love 恋爱中的女人 a. The Rainbow is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm(讲述了布朗温家庭三代在码什农场上的故事)。As a matter of fact, it is the first time for Lawrence to make a conscious attempt to combine social criticism with psychological exporation in his
43、novel writing.(这是劳伦斯第一次自觉地将社会批判与心理探究融合起来。),试题精选,The Rainbow and _ are generally regarded as D.H. Lawrences masterpieces. A. Women in Love B. Sons and Lovers C. Lady Chatterleys Lover D. The Plumed Serpent,b.Women in love恋爱中的女人: Women in Love is rich in its symbolic meanings. Gerald Crich, is a symbo
44、lic figure of spiritual death, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. 恋爱中的女人象征意义极为丰富. 查拉德,一个效率极高去不讲人情的矿山主, 将机器视为上帝,并在矿山公司建立了非人道的机械化制度,他象征着精神的死亡, 代表了整个资产阶级的伦理观. Whereas, Birkin is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous life Force. 而勃金则是劳仑斯的自画象,他反抗着工业机械化带
45、来的种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命力的形式与教条,代表了人情温暖及生命原始的冲动.,B).The later period: The works: a. Aarons Rob亚伦神仗(表现了每个人的都是神圣的,独立的,其人格与尊严不得侵犯.) b.Kangaroo 袋鼠详细展示了澳洲人的生活与当地的景观. c.The Plumed serpent 带羽毛的蛇带羽毛的蛇通过象征主义小说手法, 他对“血液中固有的意识“,即一种崇拜性本能的神秘宗教的信奉,这种信奉也是他毕生寻求生命的意义的结果. d.In Lady Chatterleys Lover査特莱夫人的情人 查泰莱夫人的情人,劳伦斯又回到了
46、男女这情的旧题上.,6. James Joyce (乔伊斯18821941),爱尔兰作家和诗人,20世纪最重要的作家之一。代表作包括短篇小说集都柏林人(1914)、长篇小说一个青年艺术家的画像(1916)、尤利西斯(1922)以及芬尼根的苏醒(1939)。尽管乔伊斯一生大部分时光都远离故土爱尔兰,但早年在祖国的生活经历却对他的创作产生了深远的影响。他的大部分作品都以爱尔兰为背景和主题。他所创作的小说大多根植于他早年在都柏林的生活,包括他的家庭、朋友、敌人、中学和大学的岁月。乔伊斯是用英文写作的现代主义作家中将国际化因素和乡土化情节结合最好的人。,Major works,In his lifet
47、ime, Joyce wrote altogether 3 novels, a collection of short stories, 2 volumes of poetry, and 1 play.The novels and short stories are regarded as his great works, all of which have the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, and the same subject: the Irish people and their life.,(1) Dubliners(1914
48、,都柏林人)It is a collection of 15 short stories, is the first important work of Joyces lifelong preoccupation with Dublin life. (2) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man(1916, 青年艺术家的肖像)It is his first novel, the title suggests a character study with strong autobiographical(自转的) elements. The novel ca
49、n be read as a naturalistic account (自然主义描述)of the heros bitter experiences(痛苦经历) and his final artistic and spiritual liberation(艺术和精神解放).,(3) Ulysses(1922, 尤利西斯)It is Joyces masterpiece, and has become a prime example of modernism in literature. It is such an uncommon novel that there arises the question whether it can be termed as a “novel at all; for it seems to lack almost all the essential qualities of the novel in a traditional sense: there is virtually no story, no plot, almost no action, and little characterization in the usual sense.,