1、猪的肠道疾病-尸体解剖检查步骤 Enteric Diseases of Swine -Postmortem Techniques,Kent J. Schwartz, DVM MS 1999 Pharmacia & Upjohn Company,死猪是容易得到的，剖检死猪也可得到有用的资料Dead pigs are most available and may yield useful information, however 慢性病猪的原发病原可能会被继发病原所掩盖Primary causes of disease may be overshadowed by secondary agents
2、 in pigs that have chronic disease,病死猪 A pig that died because of disease,尸体解剖技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,2,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,理想的是屠宰急性病猪，以检查主要病原It is desirable to euthanize acutely affected pigs to detect primary pathogens 通常剖
3、检多个尸体，以确定主要病变是一致的Usually multiple carcasses are opened until it is clear that the predominant lesions are consistently present in all pigs,刚刚屠宰的病猪 Freshly euthanized pig,3,将猪腹面朝上Place the pig lying on its back, 然后从两侧腋下切至颌骨Incise from axilla to between jawbones on both sides,尸体剖检步骤 Begin postmortem p
4、rocedure,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,4,从两侧腹股沟切至会阴Incise from inguinal region to perineum on both sides, 在髋臼处分离两侧股骨Free femur from the acetabulum on both sides.,分离髋关节 Spreading the hip joints,尸体剖检步骤Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,5,将猪腹部朝上With
5、the pig lying on its back, 分开四肢All four limbs are detached and the carcass will not roll over,分开四肢 All limbs are detached,尸体剖检工作Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,6,抓住皮肤 Creating a “handle”,抓住颌骨下方皮肤Make a handle from the skin under the chin, and 从胸骨下穿过肋软骨关节切开Incise below breastb
6、one through costochondral junctions,尸体剖检工作Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,7,打开胸腔（C） Opening the thoracic cavity(C),小心打开胸腔Open the thoracic cavity carefully 观察心、肺周围粘连及体液渗出情况Observe for signs of adhesions and excess fluid around the heart and lungs,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准
7、备工作Preparing for the Examination,8,C,打开胸腔 Opening the abdominal cavity,继续切至尾部，打开胸腔Continue the incision caudally, opening the abdominal cavity,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,9,分离头两条肋骨 Separating the first two ribs,从腹中线切开头两条肋骨Cut between the first two ribs, on the mid-l
8、ine,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,10,打开胸腔 Opening the chest cavity,用手将胸腔扩张开Manually spread the chest cavity open 检查浆膜表面粘连和体液渗出情况Inspect the serosal surfaces for evidence of adhesions or excess fluids,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 准备工作Preparing for the Examination,11,尸体剖
9、检技术Postmortem Techniques 呼吸道的检查Examination of the Respiratory Tract,扁桃体（T）的检查 Examination of the tonsils(T),在呼吸道或部分呼吸道被切除前，检查扁桃体The tonsils can be examined before the respiratory tract is removed, or as part of the intact tract 观察扁桃体及气管炎症Look for inflammation of the tonsils and trachea,12,T,尸体剖检技术Po
10、stmortem Techniques 呼吸道的检查Examination of the Respiratory Tract,13,切下全部的呼吸道 The respiratory tract is removed intact,从“干净”的器官开始Begin with the “clean” organs first 将整个呼吸道及舌、扁桃体一起切开Remove the entire respiratory tract intact, with tongue and tonsils attached,心脏 Heart,肺 Lungs,14,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Technique
11、s 心和肺的检查Examination of the Heart and Lungs,心和肺的检查 Examination of the heart and lungs,打开心房，检查瓣膜Open heart chambers, examine the valves 按压肺脏，以检查硬度和密度Palpate the lung for firmness and consistency 沿气管切开肺脏，检查肺部实质Slice into the lung, across airways, looking for areas of consolidation,15,尸体剖检技术Postmortem T
12、echniques 腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs,肾脏的检查 Examination of the kidney,检查切开并取出肾脏和膀胱Examine, cut, and remove the kidneys and urinary bladder 观察出血或脓肿Look for signs of hemorrhage or abscesses,肾 Kidney,16,尸体剖检步骤Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs,脾脏的检查 Examinat
13、ion of the spleen,检查脾脏，如果要采集病料，切除脾脏Examine spleen, cut and remove if specimens are to be collected 观察脾表面肿大或出血情况Look for signs of enlargement or hemorrhage on the surface,脾 Spleen,17,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs,肝脏的检查 Examination of the liver,检查肝脏，如果要采集病料，切除肝
14、脏Examine the liver, cut and remove if specimens are to be collected 观察肝脏表面肿大或出血情况Look for signs of enlargement or hemorrhage on the surfaces of this important organ,肝脏 Liver,胆囊 Gall bladder,18,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查Examination of the Abdominal Organs,回肠（I）盲肠（C）和肠 系膜淋巴结（L）的检查 Examination
15、 of the ileum(I), cecum (C) and mesenteric lymph nodes(L),检查回肠和盲肠的外表面Examine external surfaces of the ileum and cecum 观察肠系膜淋巴结肿胀情况Look for signs of enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes 切除整个消化道Remove the entire digestive tract,C,L,I,结肠 Colon,19,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查Examination of t
16、he Abdominal Organs,结肠袢的检查 Examination of the spiral colon,检查结肠外表面Examine the external surfaces of the colon, then open the lumen 打开肠腔，观察炎症情况Open the lumen, look for signs of inflammation 观察肠系膜淋巴结肿大情况Look for signs of enlargement of the mesenteric lymph nodes,20,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 腹腔器官的检查Ex
17、amination of the Abdominal Organs,检查胃壁 Examination of the stomach lining,检查胃的外表面Examine the external surfaces of the stomach 切开胃，观察炎症和溃疡Open the stomach, look for signs of inflammation and ulceration,胃 Stomach,21,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 脑的检查Examination of the Brain,在第一颈椎处切断脊 髓，取下头部（V） Removing t
18、he head by severing the spinal cord at the first vertebrae(V),在头和第一椎骨之间切断脊骨，取下头部Remove the head by severing the spinal cord between the head and first vertebra,V,22,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 脑的检查Examination of the Brain,准备取出脑 Preparing to remove the brain,打开颅骨Open the skull 如果猪体重10公斤,用斧子或切肉刀在眼睛后侧横
19、向劈开In pigs 10 kg, use a hatchet or cleaver to chop transversely behind the eyes,23,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 脑的检查Examination of the Brain,从矢状面切开 Chopping in a sagital direction,首先,从眼睛后侧横向切开First, chop transversely behind the eyes 然后,沿脊髓径直从矢状面切开,暴露脑Next, chop in sagital direction from the level of
20、the spinal cord to expose the brain,24,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 脑的检查Examination of the Brain,准备取出脑 The brain is ready to be removed,去除颅骨暴露出脑Pull back the part of the skull that has been loosened to expose the brain 取出部分脑,放入福尔马林溶液,剩余部分冷冻,用作组织病理学和微生物学检查Place part of the brain in formalin solution,
21、chill the remainder for histopathological and microbiological examination,25,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 鼻甲骨的检查Examination of the Nasal Turbinates,找出第二前臼齿(P) Locate the second premolar(P),检查鼻甲骨,在第二前臼齿水平横向锯开口鼻部To examine the turbinates, saw the snout transversely at the level of the second premolar t
22、ooth,P,26,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 鼻甲骨的检查Examination of the Nasal Turbinates,暴露出鼻甲骨(P) Nasal turbinates exposed(T),鼻甲骨萎缩是萎缩性鼻炎的症状The presence of turbinate atrophy is a sign of atrophic rhinitis 用标准图表来评定鼻甲骨萎缩的程度Score the degree of turbinate atrophy using a standard rating chart,T,27,尸体剖检技术Postmort
23、em Techniques 鉴别诊断肠炎的简单实验Simple Tests to Differentiate Enteritis,PH试纸可以鉴别诊 断仔猪下痢的原因 pH paper can differentiate the cause of diarrhea in piglets,粪便的PH值可以反映仔猪下痢的原因Fecal (cecal) pH may reveal the cause of diarrhea in piglets PH7.0,说明分泌过多,可能是由大肠杆菌引起pH7.0 - indicates hypersecretion, likely caused by E.co
24、li PH7.0,说明吸收障碍,说明可能是病毒或球虫感染引起pH7.0 - indicates malabsorption, likely caused by viral or coccidia infection,28,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 鉴别诊断肠炎的简单试纸Simple Tests to Differentiate Enteritis,压印片 Preparing an impression smear,小肠压印片可以查出未成熟的球虫Impression smears from the small intestine may demonstrate im
25、mature coccida 用粘膜制备压印片,干燥,然后用Diff-Quick或瑞特染色Press slide again mucosa, air dry and stain with Diff-Quick or Wrights stain 检查裂殖子Examine for merozoites,29,尸体剖检技术Postmortem Techniques 鉴别诊断肠炎的简单实验Simple Tests to Differentiate Enteritis,怀疑是猪痢疾时,从结肠 刮取物可以查出是否有螺旋体 Colon scrapings may demonstrate spirochaets in suspected cases of swine dysentery,刮取病变结肠黏膜Scrape affected colon mucosa 用载波片制备压印片Make thin smear on slide 用维多利亚蓝或结晶紫染色20分钟Stain with Victoria Blue or Crystal Violet for 20 minutes 在400倍显微镜下检查螺旋体Examine at 400X for spiral-shaped organisms,30,Thank You!,USA,Russia,Japan,
