1、,英语国际音标表（48个） 元音（20个） 长元音 /:/ /):/ / :/ /i:/ /U:/ 短元音 / /D/ / /I/ /u/ /e/ / /eI/ /aI/ /)I/ 双元音 /I/ /e/ /u/ /u/ /au/ 辅音（28个） 轻辅音 浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ / /z/ 轻辅音 / / h/ /ts/ /t/ /tr/ 浊辅音 / / r/ /dz/ /d/ /dr/ 鼻音 /m/ /n/ / 半元音 / j/ / w/ 边音 / l/,英语词性缩写 n = 名词，noun的缩写 c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写 u = 不可数名词，un
2、countable noun的缩写 pl = 复数，plural的缩写 pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写 num = 数词，numeral的缩写 adj = 形容词，adjective的缩写 v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写 vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写 vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写,aux.v = 助动词 ，auxiliary的缩写 adv = 副词，adverb的缩写 art = 冠词，article的缩写 conj = 连接词 ，conjunction的缩写 prep = 介系词；前置词，pre
3、position的缩写 int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写,英语句子成分： 句子的组成部分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、同位语七种。 1主语是句子叙述的主体，可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。 谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。 宾语是动作的对象或承受者，常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。,主语和谓语是英语句子的两大成分，除少数句子（如祈使句和感叹句等）外，一句话必须同时具有主语和谓语所表达的意思才能完整。主语是针对谓语而言的，是一句话
4、的主题，谓语用来说明主语的情况，为主语提供信息。例如：They are working.主语是they(他们)，那么他们在做什么呢？看来没有谓语are working 是不行的。在正常情况下，英语的主语和谓语的位置与汉语一致，也就是说主语在前，谓语紧跟其后。那么，哪些词语可以做主语，谓语，何时主谓倒置，主语与谓语的一致情况如何，我将一一讲述。,主语 哪些词可以充当主语 1,名词A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. 2,代词It is a young city. I dont know if it will grow. That is a bit expe
5、nsive. 3,数词 One is not enough for me. I want one more. Two will be enough.,4,不定式 （常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出现） 例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give than to receive. It was difficult to understand. =To understand is difficult. 5. there引起的There be 句型中，be 作谓语，主语位居其后。如： There are ma
6、ny different kinds of mooncakes. There is a small hill in my village.,6. 动名词 Learning English is very interesting. 7. 从句What you need is enough practice in English study.Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.,谓语必须由动词充当，但动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词不能作谓语。可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直
7、接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词作谓语 We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。 They respect one another. 他们互相尊重(对方)。 All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。 Did you see many people there? 你在那儿看见许多人了吗?,不及物动词作谓语 He left here yesterday. 他昨天离开这儿。 Youre driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。 He went abroad in the Sept
8、ember of 1988. 他于1988年9月出国 I worked in that factory when I as young.,宾语是行为动作的对象，一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语，充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式或整个句子。如： I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。 I bought a ticket . I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。 Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了吗? He certainly did not want to join them. 他确实不想参加他们的活
9、动。 They decided to study harder to make progress We hoped that all would come well. We expected that you would stay for a few days.,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加“to“。 My father bou
10、ght me a book. 我父亲给我买了一本书。 Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮给我。 Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 请把这封信给小李。,有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整,它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据,宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。 We all call him LaoWang. 我们都叫他老王。 Please color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色。 We found the little gir
11、l in the hill. 我们在山上找到了小女孩。,定语 用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。 That is a beautiful flower. The girl under the tree is Kate. Can you find out the answer to the question？ Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? The TV
12、 set made in that factory is very good. Our country is a developing country.,表语 表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。 These desks are yellow. My work is teaching English The dictionary is in the bag. All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. My
13、 question is how you knew him.,状语 1、说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。 2、状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。 3、状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中，修饰动词、形容词、副词等,A、副词一般在句子中做状语 He speaks English very well. 他英语说得非常好。 B、不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。 I come specially to see you.
14、我专门来看你。 C、介词短语 Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian. The boy was praised for his bravery. D、从句作状语 When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian. E. Finding the country very beautiful , she decided to stay another two days.,状语从句： 时间状语从句 （when引导） 地点状语从句 （where引导） 原因状语从句 （because引导） 结果状语
15、从句 （so引导） 目的状语从句 （to引导） 比较状语从句 （than引导） 让步状语从句 （although引导） 条件状语从句 （if引导）,E、分词作状语 Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper. Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.,补语 英语中补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常
16、见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。 1、主语补足语 主补结构常用在被动句中。 1.He was seen walking in the street.,2、宾语的补语 1.不定式(to do) Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 We made him copy the sentence. He is made to copy the sentence. 2.名词 At
17、the meeting we elected him monitor. I think your brother a clever boy.,3.形容词 I found the classroom empty 4.副词 Please call the students back at once. He was seen to take his cap off. 5.现在分词 We hear him singing in the hall. I found him lying in bed, sleeping. 6.过去分词 He saw his face reflected in the wa
18、ter. I heard it spoken of in the next room.,同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 This is Miss Chen, our English teacher. 这是陈小姐，我们的英语老师。 We all like sports. I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 注意：可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有
19、news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。,句子结构 简单句：只包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子，称作简单句。简单句有以下5种基本句型： S十V主谓结构 S十V十F主系表结构 S十V十O主谓宾结构 S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构 S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构 （ There +be There lies a book on the desk. ） 说明：S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾 语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语
20、,五个基本句式详细解释如下：1 主语+ 不及物动词 例：He (主语）laughed(谓语动词）.My tooth aches. 2 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 例：They（主语） enjoy（谓语动词） the play（宾语）. I met John in the street yesterday. 3 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 例：He（主语） is（系动词） out（表语）. Jenny is fine. It looks like rain, soon.,4 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语 （就是 间接宾语和直接宾语） 例：He （主语）bought （谓语动词） her（间接
21、宾语） a watch （直接宾语）. The sun gives us light. 注意：双宾语一个指人（即间接宾语），另一个指物（即直接宾语）。一般间接宾语位于直接宾语的前面，有时它们也可交换位置，这是需要在间接宾语的前面加上介词to 或for 。,5 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 补足语 例：She（主语） found（谓语动词） him （宾语 )a very clever student（宾语补足语）. I make it a rule to get up early in the morning. 注意：当宾语意思表达不完整时，需要用补足语补充说明宾语的状态、性质等。用作宾语
22、补足语的通常有名词、形容词、动词不定式等。当谓语动词为see, hear , watch, feel 等感官动词或者let, have , make 等使役动词时，如果不定式作宾语补足语，必须省略to。 例如：Let me (to) see. (to)要省去。,英语常用句型 : 1.肯定句; 2.否定句 ; 3.疑问句; 4.反义疑问句; 5.简单句; 6.并列句; 7.主从复合句每一种句型又都是变化多样得，不是一句话两句话就能说清楚的。,简单句(五个句型),1. S.+ v. (+A)句型 2.S+V+O(+A)句型 3.S+V+P句型 4.S+V+O+OC句型 5.S+V+InO+DO句型
23、,简单句(五个句型),1. S.+ v. (+A)句型 The moon rose. The train leaves at 7. 2.S+V+O(+A)句型 I know your name. You must put all the toys upstairs.,3.S+V+P句型 We are students. We are hungry. We feel happy. 4.S+V+O+OC句型 They made him their monitor. We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 5.S+V+InO+DO句型 My father boug
24、ht me a lot of books. My grandmother gave me five yuan. My grand mother gave five yuan to me.,五种句子的种类,1.陈述句 2.疑问句 3.祈使句 4.感叹句 5.There be 存在句,五种句子的种类,1.陈述句 I came here last night. He isnt a worker. He has no brother. There goes the bell.,2.疑问句,Do you know him? Didnt I tell you to come early? How long
25、 will you stay here? Are you a student or a teacher? He is a writer, isnt it?,3.祈使句,Come and have a cup of tea. Dont open the door. Let me try. Lets not have a rest.,4.感叹句,How happy Jenny was! How time flies. What an interesting book it is! What fine weather we have today.,5.There be 存在句,There are 4
26、8 students in our classroom. There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk. Are there any boats on the lake?,动词的语态,active voice(主动）,passive voice(被动）,动词的常见时态,1一般现在时（is/am/are do, does ),3现在进行时(is/are doing),8过去完成时(had done),6 过去将来时(would do/was,were going to),5一般将来时(will do/is/are going to
27、do),4过去进行时(was/were doing),2一般过去时(was/were, did),7现在完成时（has/have done),动词的语态,一般现在时：is/am/are+done 一般过去时:was/were+done 现在进行时:is/am/are+being+done 过去进行时:was/were+being+done 一般将来时:will+be+done 过去将来时:would+be+done 现在完成时:have/has+been+done 过去完成时:had+been +done,简单句(五个句型),1. S.+ v. (+A)句型 2.S+V+O(+A)句型 3.S
28、+V+P句型 4.S+V+O+OC句型 5.S+V+InO+DO句型,简单句(五个句型),1. S.+ v. (+A)句型 The moon rose. The train leaves at 7. 2.S+V+O(+A)句型 I know your name. You must put all the toys upstairs.,3.S+V+P句型 We are students. We are hungry. We feel happy. 4.S+V+O+OC句型 They made him their monitor. We keep our classroom clean and t
29、idy. 5.S+V+InO+DO句型 My father bought me a lot of books. My grandmother gave me five yuan. My grand mother gave five yuan to me.,五种句子的种类,1.陈述句 2.疑问句 3.祈使句 4.感叹句 5.There be 存在句,五种句子的种类,1.陈述句 I came here last night. He isnt a worker. He has no brother. There goes the bell.,2.疑问句,Do you know him? Didnt
30、I tell you to come early? How long will you stay here? Are you a student or a teacher? He is a writer, isnt it?,3.祈使句,Come and have a cup of tea. Dont open the door. Let me try. Lets not have a rest.,4.感叹句,How happy Jenny was! How time flies. What an interesting book it is! What fine weather we have
31、 today.,5.There be 存在句,There are 48 students in our classroom. There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk. Are there any boats on the lake?,动词的语态,active voice(主动）,passive voice(被动）,动词的常见时态,1一般现在时（is/am/are do, does ),3现在进行时(is/are doing),8过去完成时(had done),6 过去将来时(would do/was,were going to),5一般将来时(will do/is/are going to do),4过去进行时(was/were doing),2一般过去时(was/were, did),7现在完成时（has/have done),动词的语态,一般现在时：is/am/are+done 一般过去时:was/were+done 现在进行时:is/am/are+being+done 过去进行时:was/were+being+done 一般将来时:will+be+done 过去将来时:would+be+done 现在完成时:have/has+been+done 过去完成时:had+been +done,
