1、垦匾壁咝盘查!生!旦筮!鲞筮!塑!坐壁12生!垒!:!塑!:!外泌体与肺疾病的研究现状白丰玺潘珏【摘要】外泌体是一种含多种生物活性蛋白、脂质、核酸成分的囊泡,已被陆续报道存在于各种体液。研究显示:外泌体能够参与机体免疫应答,参与各种疾病过程,包括各种肿瘤、中枢神经系统感染、心肌缺血再灌注损伤、肝损伤、急性肾损伤,以及哮喘和各种病原体感染。本文主要介绍有关外泌体与肺部疾病的研究现状和进展。【关键词】外泌体;感染;哮喘;结核分枝杆菌;肺癌;疫苗Review of exosomes in lung disease Bai Fengxi,Pan JueDepartment of Respiratory
2、 Medicine,Zhongshan Hospital,Fudan University,Shanghai 200032,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:Pan Jue,Email:juepanyahoocornAbstract Exosomes are vesicular bodies that contain a variety of bioactive proteins,lipids andnucleic acidsIt has been identified in a lot of biological fluidsAccording to current rese
3、arch,exosomes areinvolved in the innate and adaptive immune response,and a variety Of disease processes,including varioustumors,acute kidney injury,ischemia-reperfusion injury of myocardial cell,liver injury,asthma,and manydifferent kinds of pathogen infectionThis review focuses on current research
4、about the relationshipbetween exosomes and lung diseasesKey wordsExosomes;Infection;Asthma;Mycobacterium tuberculosis;Lung cancer;Vaccine自1987年Johnstone等首次从网织红细胞的成熟过程中发现外泌体至今,外泌体已被陆续报道存在于各种体液,如脑脊液、唾液、BALF、乳汁、羊水、尿液、血液、精液等。随着对外泌体来源、结构、功能等认识的逐渐深入,证实外泌体能够参与各种生理、病理过程。关于外泌体与肺部疾病的研究也成为近年来的研究热点,本文就目前研究现状及进展
5、作如下综述。1外泌体的组成外泌体是一种直径为40100 nm的囊泡,密度113119 gml,外有一层脂质双分子膜结构,内含多种生物活性蛋白、脂质、核酸成分。外泌体的外膜上有鞘磷脂、溶血磷脂酰胆碱、饱和脂肪酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰乙胺醇胆碱和胆固醇1。蛋白质是外泌体中最多样的一种成分,主要分为两大类:一类是外泌体本身固有蛋白,包括细胞骨架成分、黏附蛋白、导致膜融合的蛋白、细胞信号分子、代谢酶、分子伴侣、4次跨膜蛋白家族、Alix、Tsgl01等1。33;另一类是不同细胞来源的外泌体所特有的特异性蛋白2。目前有关外泌体的脂质分析的研究有限,只有来源于网织红细胞“、肥大细胞、树突状细
6、胞(DCs)53和B细胞63的外泌DOI:103760cmajissn1673436X201508016作者单位:200032上海,复旦大学附属中山医院呼吸科通信作者:潘珏,Email:juepanyahoocom 629综 述鬻体的脂质组成比较明确,外泌体内部有丰富的溶解的磷脂质酸口,外泌体的脂筏微域含有鞘糖脂和丰富的胆固醇8。并且,不同来源的外泌体的脂质的频率也是不同的。最重要的是,外泌体能够携带某些核酸,例如mRNA、miRNA、长链非编码RNA等遗传物质,甚至DNA9。2外泌体的形成和分泌在生理和病理情况下,许多细胞,如DCs、内皮细胞、上皮细胞、神经细胞、肿瘤细胞、胚胎干细胞和成人干
7、细胞等,都能产生外泌体10-14。在各种物理、化学刺激下,细胞微环境发生改变,通过胞吞作用,在细胞内形成早期胞内体。早期胞内体与高尔基体和内质网相互作用,在其胞质侧的独特位置,包膜内陷,形成多囊泡体(一种由单层外膜封闭的胞内细胞器,内含多种管腔内囊泡)或晚期胞内体。在ESCRT复合物的协同作用下,一些多囊泡体与细胞膜融合,通过胞吐作用,释放多囊泡体内的囊泡到细胞外,这些被释放到细胞外的大小均一的纳米囊泡即为外泌体1“。另外一些多囊,泡体与溶酶体融合,最终被降解(如图1所示)。3外泌体的生物学作用和功能首先,外泌体是一种运输工具。细胞可以通过外泌体清除不必要的物质,如网织红细胞通过分泌含有转铁蛋
8、白受体的外泌体,使之成为成熟红细胞1“。外泌体携带的生物活性脂质,如磷脂酶A2、C、D和前列腺素,可能参与外泌体的清除1”。万方数据630嚣蕾娜影细胞图1外泌体的形成和分泌过程其次,由于脂质双分子层包膜的作用,外泌体可以保护其所运输的物质免受核糖核酸酶、胰蛋白酶、化学物质的降解1”。通过旁分泌和内分泌的方式,作用于靶细胞,调节细胞之间的信息交流。受体细胞主要通过2种方式摄取外泌体:一种是外泌体表面的膜蛋白与受体细胞表面或细胞外基质中的配体结合的方式,如转体蛋白受体、肿瘤坏死因子受体、乳凝集素、整合素、4次跨膜蛋白(如CD9、CD63、CD81)1“,进行信息交流,这些膜分子可能参与特定组织或微
9、环境中外泌体的归巢;另一种摄取机制是通过与受体细胞膜融合或胞吞作用,介导外泌体的物质运输和信号转导(mRNAs、miRNAs、蛋白质、信号分子)2“”。不同细胞来源的外泌体所携带的信息不同,也就决定了其特定的功能。例如肿瘤细胞产生的外泌体,不仅可运输组织因子和致癌受体如表皮生长因子受体突变体,促进肿瘤血管新生2 32“,而且能够促进肿瘤细胞增殖和浸润2“。EB病毒感染的B细胞产生的外泌体能够表达MHC-11分子,提呈抗原到T细胞2“。在小鼠的体外实验中,DCs产生的外泌体表达MHC-I复合物,可以诱导CD8+T细胞的抗肿瘤免疫应答2“。另外,从鼠干细胞分离出的外泌体能够保护肾脏免受肾毒性药物的
10、损害2。4外泌体与各种肺疾病研究已经证实,肺部巨噬细胞、DCs、T细胞、上皮细胞均可产生外泌体啪,并且能在BALFE2胡和呼出气体冷凝物2们中分别提取出外泌体。目前为止,主要集中在以下几个方面。41外泌体与结核分枝杆菌感染 结核分枝杆菌感染时,机体最突出的免疫应答就是诱导干扰素一7释放和巨噬细胞活化,杀伤和清除结核分枝杆菌;但同时,某些巨噬细胞又能够抗干扰素一了的活化作用,因此使巨噬细胞丧失杀死结核分枝杆菌的能力,导致结核分枝杆菌在巨噬细胞内繁殖3。结核分枝杆菌感染的细胞分泌的外泌体中含有85A、85B和C(Rv3804c、Rvl886c、Rv0129c)、MPT64和ESAl“-6等结核分枝
11、杆菌特异性抗原”3及大量HSP一70E”。其中85A抗原在促进T细胞增殖和肿瘤坏死因子a释放方面有重要作用”。据Beatty等“3和Bhatnagar等351报道,在结核分枝杆菌感染的巨噬细胞分泌的外泌体中,检测出19 kDa脂蛋白和阿拉伯半乳糖一肽聚糖复合物,这2种物质能够诱导巨噬细胞抵抗干扰素一7。结核分枝杆菌感染细胞产生的外泌体不仅可以诱导巨噬细胞分泌促炎介质:肿瘤坏死因子a、趋化因子和诱导型一氧化氮合酶,触发幼稚T细胞的活化,也可以调节巨噬细胞功能,增加结核分枝杆菌在巨噬细胞内生存的可能性3135。因外泌体具有稳定的蛋白构象,能够在靶器官达到较高浓度1,所以被作为生物标志物用来研究新的
12、抗结核疫苗。在低剂量结核分枝杆菌感染小鼠模型,预先使用结核分枝杆菌CFP处理过的巨噬细胞产生的外泌体比卡介苗更早发挥免疫保护作用3“。几种以自体外泌体为载体的抗结核疫苗已在晚期肺癌患者中完成I期临床试验,其安全性和效果尚可,有的甚至已经进入期临床试验37。4。42外泌体与哮喘 研究人员从哮喘患者BALF中分离得到了外泌体,并且发现其所含的miRNA与健康人BALF中分离的外泌体不同4“,表型和功能也与健康人有显著差异4“。同样,在哮喘患者呼出气冷凝物中也检测到了外泌体以及CysLTs、LTB4等炎症介质,并且发现其水平也不同于正常人2。值得注意的是,近期Mazzeo等研究发现哮喘患者嗜酸粒细胞
13、能够释放高水平的外泌体至细胞间质,经干扰素一7刺激后,外泌体水平更高4“。哮喘患者抗原提呈细胞分泌的外泌体中含有白三烯活化酶,可以促进白三烯的形成及分泌。趋化粒细胞,介导局部炎症反应4“。43外泌体与肺部肿瘤 在某些类型肿瘤,存在一些miRNA的过表达或下调。由于外泌体中的miRNA具有较强的稳定性、特异性,且容易分离,因此有许多研究人员致力于通过检测miRNA水平,发现更特异、敏感的肺部肿瘤标志物,用于肺癌的早期诊断、治疗及预后判断H“。最近一项研究总结了外周血中的外泌体,可能含有30种潜在的非小细胞肺癌特异性外泌体生物标志物4“,同样有人检测唾液中外泌体特异性miRNA,用于肺癌诊断4“。
14、多个miRNA的表达水平的评估对于评估肺癌患者预后也有一定效果E”。由于外泌体能够促进肿瘤生长,刺激血管生成,激活基质纤维母细胞,构成肿瘤细胞外基质,调节宿主免疫应答,因此受到广泛重视。研究发现肿瘤细胞产生的外泌体既能够运输至DCs,提呈抗原,诱导免疫应答4“,也可以诱导活化的T细胞凋亡,促进调节性T细胞分泌,从而抑制免疫应答4。近来研究发现,Rab27a过表达的非小细胞肺癌肿瘤细胞所分泌的外泌体可以诱发高效的抗肿瘤免疫4。更有研究发现CD40L-EXO可以用作一个有效的疫苗,诱导DCs成熟,具有较强的抗肿瘤作用5。5展望呼吸系统疾病一直是威胁人类健康的重要疾病,发病率居高不下,发病机制不全明
15、了,治疗有限,严重影响人类健康。外泌体的发现和研究为未来呼吸系统疾病的诊治带来新的希望。万方数据垦堕壁咝苤查!至!旦箜!鲞箜!塑 !堕墨!逝!垒P生!:!:!堕!:!目前关于筛选出较为特异、灵敏的外泌体生物标志物进行肺部肿瘤诊断、治疗、预后评估的研究越来越多,但目前尚无公认的检测方法及途径。因此未来的研究应致力于确定1种或几种肯定的外泌体分离、提纯、检测方法,通过大量实验明确不同类型肺部疾病特异性外泌体标志物,进行疾病的早期诊断及治疗。另外,以外泌体为载体的疫苗、免疫调节治疗药物的研究尚处于起步阶段,而且关于外泌体在疾病发生、发展过程中的免疫调节机制尚不明确,因此阐明外泌体在免疫调节中作用及机
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