1、1高中语法知识点总结八大时态基本用法总结八大时态：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、一般将来时、过去将来时一般现在时1.概念：指经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。2.时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays,3.基本结构：动词+ 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要加（e）S）4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加 dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用 d
2、oesnt，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首；用助动词 do 提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用 does，同时，还原行为动词。6.例句：. It seldom snows here.He is always ready to help others.Action speaks louder than words.7.特殊用法：一些动词可用一般现在时来表达现在进行时：verbs of the senses: hear,see,taste,smellverbs of the thinking: believe,know,mean,realize,think,remember
3、2verbs of the linking: dislike,fear,hate,like,love,wantverbs of the possession: belong,have,own,possess一般过去时1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a tim
4、e, etc.3.基本结构：含有 Be 动词主语+was/were+不含有 be 动词：主语 +动词过去式+4.否定句：带 be:主语+was/were not+ 动词原形+不带 be：主语 +didnt+动词原形 +5.一般疑问句：含 be 动词 was 或 were 放于句首；不含 be 动词用助动词 do 的过去式 did 提问，同时还原行为动词原型。6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.I didnt know you were so busy.She sang a song of Lin Feng yesterday1.现在进行时1
5、.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。32.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.3.基本结构：Be 动词、am/is/are+doing4.否定形式：Be 动词、am/is/are+not+doing.5.一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于疑问词的后面。6.例句：How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his lessons.7. 一般表示位移的词如 leave fly arrive go come. 等用现在进行时表将来。I am flying Beijing next week .表示我下
6、周即将飞往北京。He is leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 他明天即将去北京。过去进行时1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time 或以 when 引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构：was/were + doing4.否定形式：was/were + not + doing.5.一般疑问句：把 was 或 were 放于句首。6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he cam
7、e in, I was reading a newspaper.4现在完成时1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。2.时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc.3.基本结构：have/has + done4.否定形式：have/has + not + done.5.一般疑问句：have 或 has 提前。6.例句：Ive written an article.It has been raining these days.过去完成时1.概念：以过去某个时间为标
8、准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“ 过去的过去 ”。2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),by the time.,etc.3.基本结构：had + done.4.否定形式：had + not + done.5.一般疑问句：had 放于句首。6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books5一般将来时1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或
9、存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本结构：am/is/are + going to + do；will/shall + do.4.否定形式：am/is/are + not+going to; 在行为动词前加 will/shall(will 适用于所有人称，shall 只用于第一人称）5.一般疑问句：be 放于句首； will/shall 提到句首。6.例句：They are going t
10、o have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain.I think he will be back soon过去将来时1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.3.基本结构：was/were + going to + do；would/should + do.4.否定形式：was/were + not + going to + do;would/should + not + do
11、.5.一般疑问句：was 或 were 放于句首；would/should 提到句首。6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.6I asked who was going there .2 初中英语语法八大时态一、一般现在时：基本结构：动词原形 主语三单：动词原形+s/es三种常考基本用法：1、经常性和习惯性动作Eg. I always get up early.2、客观事实和普遍真理Eg. The earth goes around the sun.3、在时间状语从句及条件状语从句中,一般现在表将来If it doesnt rain,
12、 we will have a picnic.其中,第三种用法就是学生们熟知的“主将从现“ 的原则 ,这一点大家务必掌握,此知识点会在初二学习,同时也是中考重要考点.常见时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, on Sundays, at weekends, once a week, twice a month, etc.二、一般过去时：基本结构：动词的过去式基本用法：71、过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态Eg. I got up late yesterday.2、过去习惯性、经常性的动作Eg. When I was in the c
13、ountryside, I often swam in the river.常见时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (year, night, month), in 1986, just now, at the age of 10, at that time, once upon a time, etc.三、一般将来时：基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.基本用法：am/is/are/going to + do1、（人）计划打算做某事Eg. Im going to
14、 go shopping with my mom tomorrow.2、（事）即将发生Eg. Look at the clouds, its going to rain.will/shall do1、将来的动作和状态（相对较长远）Eg. Youll have your own house in the future.2、礼貌询问、客气邀请8Eg. Will you go with me?3、意愿Eg. I will do it for you.常见时间状语：tomorrow, next day (week, month, year), soon, the day after tomorrow,
15、 in+时间段（格外注意） ,etc.四、现在进行时：基本结构：am/is/are+现在分词基本用法：1、此时此刻正在进行的动作Eg. I am writing a letter now.2、现阶段正在进行的动作Eg. I am reading a book these days.常见时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.五、过去进行时：基本结构：was/were+现在分词基本用法：1、过去某时刻正在进行的动作Eg. He was playing computer games when his father came home.2、过去某时段正在进行的
16、动作Eg. He was doing his homework while his mother was cooking.9常见时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time 或以 when 引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等.六、过去将来时：基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.基本用法：从过去时间点看将来,常用于宾语从句中.Eg. He said that he would marry her.常见时间状语：the next day (morning, year), the following m
17、onth (week), etc.七、现在完成时：基本结构：have/has + 过去分词基本用法：1、过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果Eg. I have finished my homework.2、过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态Eg. We have waited for her for 2 hours.常见时间状语：recently, lately, so far, up to now, since+时间点,for+ 时间段, in the past few years, etc.现在完成时是考试中的重点也是难点,同学们需要格外加强.特别注意瞬间动词和延续性动词的转化问题,具
18、体会在课程中详细讲解,在此不加以赘述.八、过去完成时：10基本结构：had + 过去分词基本用法：以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生的动作或行为,即“过去的过去“.Eg. Just before the English class, I suddenly realized that I had left my English textbook at home.常见时间状语：before, after, by the end of last year(month),etc.不定冠词不定冠词 a， an 与 one 同源，表示微弱的一的概念，但并不强调数目，用来表示不确定的人或事物。a 用在辅音前
19、，而不是辅音字母前；an 用在元音前，而不是元音字母前。a university in Asia1. 表示同类中的任何一个A cat has nine lives.2. 表示泛指的某人、某物I know a John Lennon，but not the famous one.3. 表示数量的He has a daughter.4. 表示单位数量的每一I earn 10 dollars an hour.5. 表示相同的11The two birds are of a color.6. 用于集体名词前He grows up in a large family.7. 在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物
20、质名词前China has a long history.定冠词的用法1. 表示特定的人或物2. 表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。 the sun，the moon ，the earth3. 表示地点、方向、时间、方式等 at the corner 在拐角处(1) 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。 in spring 在春天(2) 具体某年的某个季节，需用冠词。 in the summer of the year2008(3) 用于序数词或形容词的最高级前 the first the second(4) 用于形容词前使其名词化 the rich the po
21、or(5) 用于复数姓氏前，表示夫妇 或全家 The Smiths(6) 用于乐器名词前 play the piano(7) 用于 by + the + 计量单位名词 by the pound1. 用于复数名词前12复数名词泛指某类人或物时，其前通常用零冠词。 Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。 复数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。 The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。2. 用于不可数名词前不可数名词表示泛指时，其前通常用零冠词。如： Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。
22、Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。 不可数名词若需特指，则要加定冠词。He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。3. 用于专有名词前在通常情况下，专有名词前要用零冠词。如：Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。 在特殊情况下，若专有名词需要特指，也可加定冠词。如： The Smith youre looking for no longer lives here.4. 用于抽象化的可数名词前有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示
23、的活动，其前通常零冠词。 Jim has gone to bed. 吉姆已上床睡觉了。She goes to church every Sunday. 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。这类主要涉及 bed， church， class， college， school， university， work， hospital， prison， market， sea， town 等。另外，这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如：住院在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital，而在美国英语中则通常说成 in the hospital;类似的还有 go to university (英)上大
24、学 / go to the university (美)上大学;at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。5. 用于职务及头衔前13当表示职务及头衔的名词用作表语、补足语及同位语时，其前通常用零冠词。如： Wilson became President of the U. S. A. 威尔逊当了美国总统。 He will be made captain of the football team. 他将被选为足球队队长。6. 在表示学科、语言、三餐、月份、季节、节假日、星期等名词前，通常用零冠词。We are all interested in physics.
25、 我们大家都对物理感兴趣。7. 用于某些固定结构中go to sea 去当水手 at home 在家 at night 在晚上 at least 至少at most 至多 at first 首先 at last 最后 in bed 在床上on foot 步行 face to face 面对面代词高考中对代词的考查主要集中在人称代词(主要是其中的 it)、关系代词、指示代词和不定代词上。一、 it 的用法 1. 作人称代词John likes playing Ping pong./ He always does it in the afternoon.(指代上下文提到的事物); /Its tim
26、e we went home. / How far is it from here to your home ? / It is getting warmer and warmer./ Its very quiet at the moment.(可指时间、天气、环境等) 2.引导词A.作形式主语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正主语。Its important for us to learn a second language./ Its no use talking to him./ Its known to all that the earth goes round the sun.B
27、.作形式宾语，代替由不定式、动名词或从句表示的真正宾语。14We feel it our duty to help others./ He made it clear that he would leave the city. C.强调结构：It is (was) +被强调部分+that (或 who)注意：在强调结构中，如被强调部分为时间状语或地点状语，其后的连接词也绝不能为 when 或 where，而应用 that 。在复习中，一定要注意句式的不同。 It was in Shanghai that I bought the guitar.(that 引起强调句) It was Shang
28、hai where I bought the guitar.(where 引起定从)It was twelve oclock when we arrived there.(when 引起时间状语从句) It was at twelve oclock that we arrived there.(that 引起强调句 )3. it，one，that 的区别：作为代词，这三个词的对比使用是高考的热点之一。 Why dont we take a little break? Didnt we just have _? A.it B.that C.one D.thisThe Parkers bought
29、 a new house but _will need a lot of work before they can move in. A.they B.it C.one D.whichone 用以指代同类事物中的任一，that 特指性强，指代可数与不可数词，而 it指代上文提过的同一事物。关系代词who，whose ，whom，which，that ，as1)which 可以引导非限定性定语从句，代表前面整个句子的内容，并且在从句中做主语 2)that 的用法 1)不用 that 的情况a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 b) 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from
30、which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2) 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在 there be 句型中，只用that，不用 which。15b) 在不定代词，如：anything， nothing， the one， all， much， few， any， little 等作先行词时，只用 that，不用 which。c) 先行词有 the only， the very 修饰时，只用 that。 d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用 that
31、。. e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。Finally， the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。3) as 的用法as 作关系代词，用来引导定语从句：限制性定语从句和限非制性定语从句 一、as 引导限制性定语从句as 引导限制性定语从句时，通常和 such， the same， as(so)等连用，构成such.as/such as， the same.as/the same
32、as， as(so).as 等结构，在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。1.such.as/such as 意为.的那种.，像那样的，such.as/such as 引导限制性定语从句时，既可指人，也可指物。such 用于名词之前时，具有形容词性质;such单独使用(即后面不接名词)时，具有代词性质。Dont trust such men as praise you to your face.(as 作主语) 不要相信那种当面吹捧你的人。You should read only such books as you can understand without much difficulty.(as作
33、宾语) 你应当只读那些你读起来不太难懂的书。Associate with such as will improve your manners.(as 作主语) 要和能改善你的言行的那种人结交。2.the same.as/the same as 意为与.同样的，和 such 一样，the same 既有形容词作用，又有代词性质。16We have arrived at the same conclusion as they have.(as 作宾语) 我们已得出和他们同样的结论。比较：the same.as 和 the same.that 不同，前者是同那一个相似，后者是正是那一个。如：This
34、 is the same watch as I lost. 这同我丢的那块表一样。This is the same watch that I lost 这正是我丢的那块表。3.as(so).as 意为和.一样 ，后接由 many， much 等修饰的名词或由形容词修饰的单数名词，注意其语序为 as(so)+adj.+a+n+as，如： Its as pleasant a film as I have ever seen. 这是一部和我以往看的同样好的电影。As many soldiers as marched were killed. 很多游行的战士都被杀了。注意：such .as 与 suc
35、h.that ，so.as 与 so.that 的区别： that 是连词，引出结果状语从句，在从句部分不作成分;as 是关系代词，引出定语从句，在从句中可作主语，宾语和表语。比较： He is such a nice boy that everyone likes him. He is such a nice boy as everyone likes.It is so difficult a problem that nobody can work it out. It is so difficult a problem as nobody can workout.as 引导非限制性定语从
36、句as 引导非限制性定语从句时，通常指的不是主句中的某一个名词(先行词)，而是指整个主句表达的内容，对主句所作的陈述进行附加说明，意为这.，如.或正如.。这种从句可位于主句之前，之中或之后。As we all know， Taiwan belongs to China. Taiwan， as we all know， belongs to China. Taiwan belongs to China， as we all know. 注意下面的习惯用法：as is well discussed 正如已讨论过的as is often said 正如通常所说 as is often the cas
37、e 通常就是这样 as has been pointed 正如所指出的那样 as has been said before 如上所述 as often happens 如17同经常所发生的那样 as might be expected 正如所料 as is well known to all 众所周知在多数情况下，从句中的谓语助动词可以省略 as explained before 如前面所解释的 as mentioned above 如前面所提到的 as shown in the figure 如图所示 as seen from the table 从表中可以看出 as already dis
38、cussed 正如已讨论过的 三、不定代词some 与 any 的用法1. some 用于肯定句以及表示建议或期待得到肯定回答的问句。修饰单数名词时，意为某个。如：I have some questions about the assignment. (希望得到肯定答复)。2. any 用于否定句和疑问句时，表示一些。用于肯定句时，只和单数名词或不可数名词连用，表示任何。如：The medicine is on sale every where. You can get it at any chemists. each 与 every 的用法1. each 强调个体，表示两个或两个以上中的每一
39、个，在句中可充当主语、宾语、定语和同位语。如：There are trees and flowers at each side of the road.2. every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上中的每一个，只能作定语，不能说 every of them ，要说 every one of them .Every student in our class works hard. 三 . no one 与 none 的用法1. no one 意为没有人，只能指人，不能指物，不可与介词 of 连用，谓语动词用单数形式，回答 who 引导的问句。如： Who is in the classroom?
40、 No one.182. none 既可指人，也可指物，强调数量，意为一点也不，一个也不;谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数;常与 of 连用，通常指三者以上的人或物中没有一个，回答 how much 和 how many 引导的问句。如：They were all tired， but none of them would stop to have a rest. 四 . other， another， others， any other， the other 的用法1. other 表示泛指，意为另外的、其它的。常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有 the， this， some， any，
41、 each， every， no， one 以及形容词性物主代词时，其后就可接单数名词。如： I have no other place to go.2. another 常用于指三者或三者以上中的另外一个，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示又、再、还。如： This cap is too small for me. Show me another (one)。 We need another three assistants in our shop.3. others ：它是 other 的复数形式，表示泛指，意为别的人或物，但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词;前面
42、可加任何限定词以及数量词。如： He has more concern for others than for himself.4. any other 表示一个之外的其他任何一个，而不是两个之中的另一个。如： China is larger than any other country in Asia.5. the other ：表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可接单数名词。如： No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.五. all 与 both 的用法
43、均表示都，但 all 表示三者以上的人或物， both 则表示两个人或物。二者都表示肯定意义，如果与 not 连用时，则表示部分否定。六 . neither 与 either 的用法 都可用于表示两个人或物。 neither 表否定意义，意为(两者中的每一个) 都不;而 either 表肯定意义，意为(两者中的每一个)都。都可单独使用，也可同介词 of 连用。如： Both teams were in hard training; neither willing to lose the game. Do you want tea or coffee? Either. I really dont
44、 mind.as if 虚拟语气用法19一、基本用法as if 从句用虚拟语气，当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下：1. 如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。2. 从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had 过去分词 ”。3. 从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“wouldcouldmight动词原形”。例如：You look as if you didnt care你看上去好像并不在乎。He talks about Rome as if he had been there before他说起罗马来好像他以前去过罗马似的
45、。He opened his mouth as if he would say something他张开嘴好像要说什么。二、两点说明1. 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气。It looks as if well be late.我们似乎要迟到了。This meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.这肉吃起来似乎已经坏了。在现代英语中，有时即使从句内容不是事实，也可用陈述语气。I feel as if Im floating on air.他感到好像漂浮在空中。The stuffed dog barked as if it is a
46、real one.玩具狗叫起来像真狗。2. 注意 It isnt as if 的翻译It isnt as if是英语中的固定句式，也可说成 Its not as though，主要用于表示某个解释不正确，意思是“好像不是”“显然不是”“真不是”等。20It isnt as if he were poor. 他不像穷的样子（他又不穷）。It isnt as if he didnt recognize me! He just walked straight past me as I stood there. 他不像是没认出我！可是我站在那里他迳直从我跟前走过。三、as if 从句的作用1. 在 l
47、ook，seem 等系动词后引导表语从句。She looks as if she were ten years younger.她看起来好像年轻了十岁。2. 引导方式状语从句She loves the boy as if he were he father.她爱这个男孩，就好像他是她的父亲一样。四、as if 还可用于省略句如果 as if 引导的从句是 “主语 +系动词”结构，可省略主语和系动词，这样 as if后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词（短语）、介词短语或分词。He acts as if (he were)a fool.他做事像个傻子。She left the room hurried
48、ly as if (she were)angry.她匆忙离开房间好像生气的样子。如何区分及物动词和不及物动词1. 及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb).如：21I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议.“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr. Bethune set us a good example. 白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样.Crude oi
49、l contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质.常见的及物动词，如：have ，eat，say, find, see ，buy，cut， catch, invent, make, take, tell 等。2. 不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb).如：Birds fly.鸟会飞.It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三；年六月.My watch stopped.我的表停了 .She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言.常见的不及物动词：come, lie, rise,agree, go, fly，work, listen, look, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed,wait，happen 等。3. 兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词
