1、GrammarThe Attributive ClauseThe restrictive & non-restrictive attributive clausesThe attributive clause & the appositive clause The attributive clause & the emphasis structure,1. He is a famous scientist. 2. whos that girl in red? 3. Ive read all the books that you lent me. 4. I have lost my pen, w
2、hich I like very much.,Pay special attention to the underlined parts. Is there anything in common between them?,The attributive clause (the adjective clause) the restrictive attributive clausethe non-restrictive attributive clausenoun/pronoun + the attributive clausethe antecedent (person/thing),the
3、 relative pronouns/adverbs + clause,The use of the relative pronouns Form 1:,person(s),subject/object,person(s),object,person(s)/thing(s),subject/object,thing(s),subject/object,person(s)/thing(s) (of whom/which),attributive,The use of the relative adverbs,time,adverbial of time,place,adverbial of pl
4、ace,reason,adverbial of reason,Practice: complete the sentences with suitable relatives.1. I know the reason _ he came late. 2. Do you know the woman, _son went to college last year? 3. The house _ color is red is johns. 4. This is the best film _ Ive ever seen. 5. Thats the town _ he worked in 1987
5、. 6. I have 2 brothers, _ are both soldiers. 7. Next week, _ youll spend in your hometown ,is coming. 8. Ive tried 2 pairs of shoes, neither of _fits me well.,why,whose,whose,that,where,who,which,which,Notice: Pay more attention to the agreement between the verb and the antecedent in person and numb
6、er in the attributive clause, and then complete the sentences: Those who _ to go to the cinema must be at the school gate by 3:30 p.m. (want) 2. He who _ the great wall is not a true man. (not reach) 3. She is the only one of the girls who _ been to Beijing. (have) 4. He is one of the boys who _ see
7、n the film. (have),want,doesnt reach,has,have,When a relative pronoun is used as a subject in the clause, the verb must agree with the antecedent in person and number. (2) When the antecedent is the structure “one of +n. (pl.)”, the verb in the clause must be plural, agrees with the plural form. How
8、ever, if there is “the” or “the only very” before “one”, the verb in the clause must be singular, agrees with the word “one”.,Conclusion 1:,Practice: Complete the following sentences with suitable relatives:The time _ I went to Tokyo is in 1982. 2. Ill never forget the time _ I spent at college. 3.
9、The shop _ I bought the book in is big. 4. The shop _ I bought the book is big. Conclusion 2: when the antecedent is a noun for time or place “when” or “where” is not always used to introduce the clause. It depends on the function of the relative word in the clause.,when/that,which/that,which/that,w
10、here/in which,The Difference Between “that” and “which”.Complete the following sentences with “that” or “which”. This is the 2nd article _ I have written in English. 2. It is the best film _ he has ever seen. 3. This is the very book _ I want to read. 4. All _ they told me surprised me. 5. They talk
11、ed about the teachers and schools _ they had visited.,that,that,that,that,that,6. Who is the comrade _ was there? 7. There is a bed in the room _is still vacant. 8. Our village is no longer the place _ it used to be. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned at least
12、a year. 10. The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. 11. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through _ he could see what was going on inside the house.,that,that,that,which,which,which,Conclusion 3:When the antecedent refers to thing(s), “that” is often used in th
13、e following cases:,(1) After ordinal number and superlatives (2) After the following words: all, only, little, few, much, very, none, last, just, any(thing), every(thing), some(thing), no(thing). (3) After two or more antecedents, referring to both person(s) and thing(s). (4) After interrogative pro
14、nouns “which” or “who”.,(5) When the relative pronoun is used as a predictive in the clause. (6) When the main clause begins with “there be ”.In the following cases, “which” is always used.After prepositionsto introduce a non-restrictive attributive clause.The whole main sentence is the “antecedent”
15、 of the relative clause, and there is always a comma.,Tell me the reason _ you were late for class.2. Who is the girl _ is speaking there ?3. This is Mr. Smith, _ has something interesting to tell you.4. The computer _ CPU doesnt work has to be repaired.,why,that,who,whose,Fill in the blanks with su
16、itable relatives to complete the following sentences.,5. This kind of computer, _ is well-known , is out of date.6. This is just the place _ Ive been longing to visit for years.7. His mother is an engineer, _ makes him very proud.8. The old man has 4 sons, three of _ are doctors.,which,that,which,wh
17、om,1.The earth is round, _ is known to all.,2. _ is known to all, the earth is round,as 具有“正如”之意，搭配的动词一般是固定的，如： as you know/ as you see/as we planned/ as we expected,which,As,一、从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise
18、, order等表示抽象意义的名 词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部 分或整个主句。 如： We are looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的是他是否值得信赖的问题（同位语从句）Word came that he had gone abroad.据说他已经出国了。（同位语从句）,The Difference Between the Attributive Clause and the Appositive Clause,The doctor whom you are looking for
19、 is in the room.你找的那位医生在房间里面。 （定语从句，名词the doctor作先行词） Our team has won the game, which makes us very happy. (定语从句，which代表前面提到的整个句子) His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽最大努力帮他学习。（定语从句，代词all作先行词）,二、从性质上区别定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制， 属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是 从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释， 属于名词性从句的范畴。如：
20、The news that our team has won the game is true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 （同位语从句，补充说明news的内容。） The news (that) he told me yesterday is true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句，that 从句作定语修饰news),I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。 (同位语从句，补充说明promise)The mother made
21、a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。 （定语从句，that从句作定语修饰promise。）,三、从引导词及其在句子中的成份上区别有些引导词 如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能 引导定语从句。如： That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。（同位语从句） I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事。（同位语从句） 引
22、导词that引导定语从句时，在从句中一般作主语 或宾语（指物时还可以用which代替），并且作宾语时 常常省略。That在同位语从句中仅起连接作用，不充当 任何成份，并且不能省略，也不能用which来代替。,The order that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮助别的几个小组的命令昨天 已收到了。（同位语从句，是对order的具体解释， that虽不作成份，但不能省略） The order (that) we received yesterda
23、y was that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别 的几个小组。（定语从句，是名词order的修饰语， that在从句中作received的宾语，可以省略）,从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入 空白处的最佳选项。 Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas.A. which B. that C. what D. whether 2. Luckily
24、, wed brought a road map without_ we would have lost our way.A. it B. that C. this D. which 3. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _road conditions need .A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improvedC. where; improving D. when; improving,B,D,A,5. Information has been
25、 put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities. A. while B. that C. when D. as 6. The fact came up _ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old. A. what B. which C. that D. whose 7. A decision was made _ those who wanted to get a job in t
26、he factory would not be allowed to stay.A. what B. when C. which D. that,B,C,D,8. The question came up at the meeting _ we had enough money for our research. that B. what C. which D. whether9. The reason _ he is late is _ there was a breakdown on the railway. A. why; why B. why; that C. because; tha
27、t D. that; because,D,B,强调句型的句式结构为：“It is/was + 被强调部 分 + that/who从句”。 在强调时间、地点、原因或方式状语时，一律 用that，而不用when, why或how； 在强调主语和宾语时，如果主语和宾语指代人， 则可用who和whom来代替that, 但是从句中的人称和数要与被强调的主语和宾语 保持一致。这些都容易与定语从句混淆。,The Difference Between the Attributive Clause and the Emphasis Structure,定语从句和强调句型的判断方法：若将句中的 “It is/wa
28、s”和“that/who”去掉，而句子不缺成分， 结构完整，说明原句是强调句型；若句子结构不 完整，则说明原句为定语从句。1. It was not until 1920 _ regular radio broadcasts began A. while B. which C. that D. since 2. _ was his kindness that everyone praised him.A. It B. What C. So D. Such,C,A,3. It is the ability to do the job _ matters not where you come fr
29、om or what you are. (A. one B. that C. what D. it 4. It was _ he came to Macao _ he knew what kind of place it was.A. that; when B. until; that C. not until; when D. not until; that 5. _ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. This C. That D. It,B,D,D,6. It
30、was not until we came back from outside _ out of his bed.A. did he get B. when he got C. that he got D. then he got 7. When was it _ you met him in the library?A. where B. that C. in which D. which 8. It was near the place _ there is a bomb _ we found the dead man.A. where; where B. where; that C. that; where D. that; that,C,B,B,Thank you for your attention!,
