1、古诗文阅读,必修1 烛之武退秦师荆轲刺秦王鸿门宴,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,一、了解并掌握常见的古代文化知识1.左传:我国第一部叙事详细的编年史著作,相传为春秋末年鲁国史官左丘明所作,为后世叙事散文树立了典范。“传”意为注释,左传即是给儒家经典春秋所作的注释。左传也称左氏春秋春秋左氏传,与公羊传谷梁传合称“春秋三传”。,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,2.晋侯、秦伯围郑侯、伯:春秋时期公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位中的两种。爵位、爵号,是古代皇帝对贵戚功臣的封赐。后代爵称和爵位
2、制度往往因时而异。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,3.敢以烦执事执事:在古代有多种意思,从事工作,主管其事;有职守之人,即官员;指供役使者,仆从;对对方的敬称;侍从。本文指对办事的官吏的敬称。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,4.战国策:中国古代的一部历史学名著。它是一部国别体史书,又称国策。由西汉刘
3、向所整理编写,共33卷,分为12策。国语是第一部国别体史书。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,5.至易水上,既祖易水:也称易河,河流名,位于河北省易县境内,分南易水、中易水、北易水。因燕太子丹送荆轲刺秦于此作别,高渐离击筑,荆轲合着音乐高歌“风萧萧兮易水寒,壮士一去兮不复还!”而名扬天下。后人常用“易水”指代“荆轲”或“易水歌”。祖:临行祭路神,引申为饯行和送别。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,
4、16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,6.为变徵之声复为慷慨羽声变徵、羽:古时音乐七音中的两种声调。古时音乐分宫、商、角、徵、羽、变宫、变徵七音。变徵是徵音的变调,声调悲凉。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,7.厚遗秦王宠臣中庶子蒙嘉中庶子:管理国君的车马之类的官。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,
5、27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,8.乃朝服,设九宾九宾:九宾之礼,是我国古代外交上最为隆重的礼节,有九个迎宾赞礼的官员司仪施礼,并延引上殿。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,9.至陛下,秦武阳色变振恐陛下:陛下的“陛”指殿前的台阶。“陛下”原来指的是站在台阶下的侍者。臣子向天子进言时,不能直呼天子,必须先呼台下的侍者而告之。后来“陛下”就成为与帝王面对面应对的敬称。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,
6、12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,10.诸郎中执兵郎中:宫廷的侍卫。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,11.史记:我国第一部纪传体通史,上起上古传说中的黄帝时代,下到汉武帝太初年间。分本纪、世家、列传、表、书五类,共130篇,50余万字。本纪记帝王,世家述诸侯,列传叙人臣,表记各个时期的简单大事记,书记礼、乐、音律、历法、天文、封禅、水利等。鲁迅评价该书为“史家之
7、绝唱,无韵之离骚”。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,12.沛公欲王关中关中:函谷关(在今河南灵宝东北)以西,今陕西一带。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,13.沛公居山东时山东:顾名思义,在山的东面。因“山东”之“山”,可指崤山、华山、太行山、泰山等数种不同的山,因而所指地域不尽相同。文中指崤山以东,
8、也就是函谷关以东地区。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,14.季父、亚父季父:叔父。古代兄弟或姐妹间长幼排序为伯、仲、叔、季。亚父:对对方的尊称,意思是尊敬他仅次于对待父亲。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,15.毋内诸侯诸侯:古代中央政权所分封的各国国君的统称。周代分公、侯、伯、子、男五等,汉朝分王、
9、侯二等。周制,诸侯名义上须服从王室的政令,向王室朝贡、述职、服役,以及出兵勤王等。汉时诸侯国由皇帝派相或长吏治理,王、侯仅食赋税。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,16.项王、项伯东向坐东向:古时官场座次尊卑有别,十分严格。官高为尊居上位,官低为卑处下位。古人尚右,以右为尊。古代建筑通常是堂室结构,前堂后室。在堂上举行的礼节活动是南向为尊。皇帝聚会群臣,他的座位一定是坐北向南的。因此,古人常把称王称帝叫作“南面”,称臣叫作“北面”。室东西长而南北窄
10、,因此室内最尊的座次是坐西面东,其次是坐北向南,再次是坐南面北,最卑是坐东面西。文中项王的座次最尊,张良的座次最卑。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,17.沛公之参乘樊哙者也参乘:亦作“骖乘”,古时乘车,站在车右担任警卫的人。乘,四匹马拉的车。,18.项王使都尉陈平召沛公
11、都尉:秦汉时代重要的中高级武官。都尉一职最早出现在战国后期的战事中。西汉时期,都尉一职的含义不断扩大,并逐步扩大成为一个都尉体系。东汉后,都尉的地位不断下降,到魏晋时代,都尉的地位主要在第五品至第七品,总体地位呈明显下降的趋势,而且职务虚化。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,二、理解常见文言实词在文中的含义19.写出下列通假字的本字,并解释其义(1)无能为也已 通_,_(2)共其乏困 通_,_ (3)秦伯说 通_,_ (4)失其所与,不知 通_,_
12、 (5)秦王必说见臣 通_,_ (6)往而不反者 通_,_ (7)燕王诚振怖大王之威 通_,_,“矣”,句末语气词,“供”,供给,“悦”,高兴,“智”,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,明智,“悦”,高兴,“返”,返回,“震”,惧怕,(8)卒起不意 通_,_(9)秦王还柱而走 通_,_(10)皆为龙虎,成五采通_,_(11)距关,毋内诸侯 通_,_通_,_(12)张良出,要项伯 通_,_(13)愿伯具言臣之不敢倍德也 通_,_(14)旦日不可不蚤自来
13、谢项王 通_,_(15)令将军与臣有郤 通_,_(16)项王则受璧,置之坐上 通_,_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,“猝”,突然,“环”,环绕,“彩”,彩色,“拒”,把守,“纳”,接纳,“邀”,邀请,“背”,违背,“早”,早早地,“隙”,隔阂,嫌怨,“座”,座位,20.解释下列句中加颜色的实词(1)且贰于楚也:_(2)朝济而夕设版焉:_(3)何厌之有:_(4)唯君图之:_(5)秦之遇将军,可谓深矣:_(6)厚遗秦王宠臣中庶子蒙嘉:_(7)愿举国
14、为内臣,比诸侯之列:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,有二心,从属二主,渡河,满足,仔细考虑,对待,赠送,并,列,(8)唯大王命之:_(9)愿大王少假借之,使毕使于前:_(10)未至身,秦王惊,自引而起,绝袖:_(11)秦王复击轲,被八创:_(12)闻大王有意督过之:_(13)卮酒安足辞:_(14)度我至军中,公乃入:_(15)旦日飨士卒:_(16)鲰生说我曰:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19
15、,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,希望,宽容、原谅,身子向上起,遭受,责备,推辞,估计、揣测,用酒肉招待宾客,劝说,21.解释下列加颜色的古今异义词的古义(1)行李之往来,共其乏困古义:_今义:出门时所带的包裹、箱子等。(2)微夫人之力不及此古义:_今义:妻子。,出使的人。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,那人,指秦穆公。,(3)若舍郑以为东道主古义:_今义:泛指主人。(4)樊将军以穷
16、困来归丹古义:_今义:贫穷。(5)樊将军仰天太息流涕曰古义:_今义:鼻涕。,东方道路上的主人。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,走投无路。,眼泪。,(6)持千金之资币物古义:_今义:货币。(7)樊於期偏袒扼腕而进曰古义:_今义:偏袒双方中的一方。(8)沛公奉卮酒为寿,约为婚姻古义:_今义:结婚的事,因结婚而产生的夫妻关系。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,
17、27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,礼品。,袒露一只臂膀。,儿女亲家,女方父母为婚,男方父母为姻。,(9)备他盗之出入与非常也古义:_今义:副词,很。(10)今人有大功而击之古义:_今义:现在的人,与“古人”相对。,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,意外的变故。,现在别人(指沛公)。,越国以鄙远_肉食者鄙,未能远谋_蜀之鄙有二僧_人贱物亦鄙,不足迎后人_,因人之力而敝之_ 摄敝衣冠_ 曹操之众远来疲敝_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,
18、8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,把当作边邑,目光短浅,边境,轻贱,损害,破旧的,疲劳,困乏,22.解释下列多义词(1)鄙,(2)敝,见陵之耻_图穷而匕首见_ 秦王必喜而善见臣_,顾计不知所出耳_顾笑武阳_三顾臣于草庐之中_,沛公军霸上_为击破沛公军_沛公已去,间至军中_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,被,通“现”,显露,接见,不
19、过、只是,回头看,拜访,驻扎,驻军,军队,军营,(3)见,(4)顾,(5)军,乃令张良留谢_旦日不可不蚤自来谢项王_哙拜谢,起,立而饮之_使君谢罗敷:“宁可共载不?”_,今者项庄拔剑舞,其意常在沛公也_然不自意能先入关破秦_久之,目似瞑,意暇甚_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,辞别,请罪,道歉,感谢,告诉,问,意图,料想,神情,(6)谢,(7)意,23.指出下列加颜色词语的活用类型并释义(1)夜缒而出:_(2)若亡郑而有益于君:_(3)越国以鄙远
20、:_(4)若不阙秦,将焉取之:_(5)邻之厚,君之薄也:_(6)因人之力而敝之:_(7)又欲肆其西封:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,名词作状语,在夜里。,使动用法,使灭亡。,名词作动词,把当作边邑。,动词的使动用法,使侵损。,形容词作动词,变雄厚,变薄弱。,动词的使动用法,使受伤害。,名词作状语,向西。,(8)樊於期乃前曰:_(9)使使以闻大王:_(10)皆白衣冠以送之:_(11)乃朝服:_(12)函封之:_(13)太子迟之:_(14)群臣怪
21、之:_(15)则秦未可亲也:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,名词作动词,上前。,动词的使动用法,使听到。,名词作动词,穿白衣,戴白帽。,名词作动词,穿上朝服。,名词作状语,用匣子。,意动用法,以为迟。,意动用法,以为奇怪。,形容词作动词,亲近、接近。,(16)素善留侯张良:_(17)籍吏民,封府库:_(18)沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王:_(19)此亡秦之续耳:_(20)沛公已去,间至军中:_(21)从郦山下,道芷阳间行:_(22)置之地,拔剑撞而
22、破之:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,形容词作动词,交好。,名词作动词,登记。,动词的使动用法,使跟从。,动词作名词,后继者。,名词作状语,抄小路。,名词作动词,取道。,动词的使动用法,使破,撞破。,三、理解常见文言虚词在文中的意义和用法24.重点虚词系列练指出下列句中“为”字的意义和用法(1)客何为者:_(2)窃为大王不取也:_(3)我为鱼肉:_(4)为击破沛公军:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,1
23、8,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,动词,做、干,动词,认为,动词,是,介词,替,(5)谁为大王为此计者:_(6)君为我呼入,吾得兄事之:_(7)吾属今为之虏矣:_(8)何辞为:_(9)天行有常,不为尧存,不为桀亡:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,介词,替,介词,替,介词,被,句末语气词,常用在疑问句里,介词,因为,四、理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法25.指出下列句子的句式特
24、点(1)今急而求子,是寡人之过也:_(2)晋侯、秦伯围郑,以其无礼于晋:_(3)夫晋,何厌之有:_(4)常痛于骨髓:_(5)太子及宾客知其事者:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,判断句,状语后置句,宾语前置句,状语后置句,定语后置句,(6)群臣侍殿上者:_(7)父母宗族,皆为戮没:_(8)欲呼张良与俱去:_(9)大王来何操:_(10)沛公安在:_(11)吾属今为之虏矣:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,1
25、8,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,定语后置句,被动句,省略句,“与(之)俱去”,宾语前置句,“何操”即“操何”,宾语前置句,“安在”即“在安”,被动句,“为”译为“被”,五、理解并翻译文中的句子将下列句子翻译成现代汉语26.越国以鄙远,君知其难也。焉用亡郑以陪邻?译文:_,越过别国而把远方的郑国当做边邑,您知道那是很难的。为什么要灭掉郑国而给邻国增加土地呢?,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29
26、,30,33,“鄙”名词活用为动词,“焉”“陪”为关键词。,答案,解析,27.因人之力而敝之,不仁;失其所与,不知;以乱易整,不武。吾其还也。译文:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,依靠别人的力量却又反过来损害他,这是不仁道的;失掉自己的同盟者,这是不明智的;用散乱代替整齐,这是不符合武德的。我们还是回去吧。,“敝”“与”“武”“其”为关键词,前三个并列分句均为否定判断句。,答案,解析,28.微太子言,臣愿得谒之。今行而无信,则秦未可亲也。译文:
27、_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,即使太子不说,我也要请求行动。(只是)现在去却没有什么凭信之物,那就无法接近秦王。,“微”“谒”“亲”为关键词。,答案,解析,29.然则将军之仇报,而燕国见陵之耻除矣。译文:_,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,这样,那么将军的仇就报了,燕国被欺侮的耻辱也就除掉了。,“
28、见”“陵”为关键词。,答案,解析,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,30.私见张良,具告以事,欲呼张良与俱去。译文:_,(项伯)私下会见张良,详细地告诉他项羽将发动进攻的事,想叫张良跟他一同离去。,注意状语后置、省略句式。,答案,解析,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,31.所以遣将守关者,备他盗之出入与非
29、常也。译文:_,(我)派军队把守函谷关的原因,是防备其他盗贼进来和意外的变故的发生。,注意“所以”“出入”“非常”三个词的翻译。,答案,解析,六、默写常见的名句名篇补写出下列名句名篇中的空缺部分32.因人之力而敝之,不仁;_,_;以乱易整,不武。(烛之武退秦师),失其所与,不知,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,33.风萧萧兮易水寒,_!(荆轲刺秦王),壮士一去兮不复还,1,2,3,6,7,4,5,8,9,10,13,14,11,12,15,18,19,16,17,21,22,20,23,26,27,24,25,28,31,32,29,30,33,