1、首字母填空讲解 首字母填空特点及趋势:1) 首字母填空题答题时要求既要使所填的词在语法和语义上正确,又要使其符合短文内容与情景的需要,所给出的词首字母同时起着提示和限定的作用。它不仅考查学生在词汇、语法等方面的基础知识,还考察理解、推导、分析等综合能力。2) 从近几年的考题来看,短文填空题所考查的单词涉及的词性范围较广,几乎涉及到了十大词类;文中所涉及的语言知识面较宽,学生需运用已学过的词法、句法及常用词组、短语、惯用法等知识进行具体分析后再答题,有一定的难度。文章短小、精致,字数通常在100150之间。短文的体裁不一,有记叙文、说明文、议论文等。短文题材丰富,内容通俗易懂,与现代生活紧密相关
2、,如:英国人分期付款购房;度假回来的路上买家具的小故事;食物对不同年龄段的人的不同影响;被驯化的动物可以为人们做事情等,可读性、趣味性强,符合初中生的认知特点。 首字母填空的解题方法和技巧:短文填空题失分率较高,其原因也是较多的。有些同学或急于求成,或过于自信,或为节省时间,在未通读完全文时便匆匆答题。殊不知这样做会适得其反,达不到良好的效果。因此,了解和掌握正确的解题方法和技巧是十分必要的。 通读全文,了解大意短文中虽有一些词未知,但不影响对文章主要内容的理解。在初步阅读中,可以跳过空格,尽量捕捉文章所提供的内容信息,以及语法结构方面的提示,有助于下一步的分析与判断。 再读全文,理清脉络通读
3、全文、掌握大意后,还应逐字逐句地仔细阅读,从文意中找出句与文、句与句、词与句、词与词之间的关系,尤其是一些不易察觉的、隐含的微妙关系,用已知信息去获取未知信息,以便初步确定答案。在答题过程中,同学们可以把有把握的词先填好,逐步减少空格对阅读造成的障碍,然后再仔细推敲剩下的难题。 仔细推敲,确保准确词义判断正确了不等于答题正确,同学们还应从词法、句法、惯用法等方面考虑答案的准确性。有的学生经过思考确定了一个意思正确的词作为答案,但忽略了从语法角度再进行验证,因而出现了一些与时态、人称等有关的词形变化的错误。如果填的词是名词,首先要考虑到单、复数的问题;如果是动词,要考虑应使用什么时态和语态。 注
4、意:填入的词既能使句意通顺,又能做到语法、用词搭配的正确。如bought易误答成buy;lights易误答成light;reaches易误答成reach; heavier易误答成heavy等。 因此,在初步确定答案后,一定还要反复考虑,仔细推敲,确保用词准确 复读全文,全面检查答题完毕后复读全文,进行核查是必不可少的。做完题后,一定要认真检查,尽量减少粗心所致的笔误或拼写错误,对有疑问的地方,更要根据文章的内容、上下文的语法结构、逻辑发展进行反复斟酌,这样才能尽量避免失分。一、利用句子成分判断词性掌握七种句子成分与十种词性的对应关系。通过对单一成分的分类练习,掌握该句子成分与何种词性相对应。词
5、性正确是答案正确的前提。(1) 对主语的判断1. _ is more important to me than money.(healthy)2. _ knows that exercise is important.(every)3. Some famous _ are going to give a concert in our city this weekend.(sing).4. _ wild animals is everyones duty. (protect)5. _ pets is my favorite hobby.(keep)Key: 1. Health; 2. Every
6、one; 3. singers 4. Protecting 5. Keeping分析 以上练习中,填入词均为句子的主语。主语是动作的发出者,词性主要为名词与代词(1、2 题) ;动词不能直接用作主语,必须转化成其对应的名词或动名词(3-5 题)。此外,形容词前加或从句也可做主语。(2) 对谓语的判断分析 谓语是句子所表示的动作,词性只能是动词,在句子中不能缺。当一个句子同时出现两个或两个以上的动词时,我们可通过他们的相互关系来判断动词的形式。多做用动词的适当形式填空有助于对动词形式的判断。1.That was the day I p my driving test.2. Then, the t
7、ester b_ asking me questions about driving.3. The correct way to cross the road is to walk quickly when the traffic lights t green.4. when he was a little older, Billys mother g him some pencils and a drawing book.Key: 1.passed; 2. began; 3. turn 4. gave(3) 对宾语的判断分析 宾语是动作的承受者,分动词宾语于介词宾语两种。宾语的词性与主语的词
8、性一样,但是代词做宾语时必须用宾格。1. Two friends were walking through a desert. During the _they had a quarrel. (journey)2. But when someone does_ _good for us, we must write it on the stone where wind can hardly erase it.”(some)3. Learn to write your hurts in the sand and to write your _on the stone.(thank)4. Than
9、k you for your _.(kind)5. An American housewife keeps two monkeys as pets. She has had _ for many years.(they)Key: 1.journey; 2. something 3. thanks 4. kindness 5.them(4) 对表语的判断分析 表语是连系动词后接的成分。词性主要为形容词、名词、介词短语,动词必须改成 to do、 doing 、done 的形式。1. The panda is very _.(love)2. But after taking the medicin
10、e, the sick man is getting _.(ill)3. The panda is an _animal in China.(usual)4. The doctor came as soon as . (possible)5. Im sorry Im late because my bike is _ .(break)6. My dream is _ a popular singer when I grow up.(be)7. Millies favorite hobby is _.(paint)Key: 1.lovely; 2. worse; 3. unusual; 4. p
11、ossible; 5.broken; 6 to be; 7 painting(5) 对定语的判断分析 定语是修饰名词与代词的成分。词性以形容词、序数词、介词短语为主。名词修饰名词说明后面名词的性能或用途。如:bookshop/ history teacher.动词必须变形为 to do、 doing 、done 的形式。1. I am a _ man , too. I have no money for you.(poor)2.“Well, then my dear friend, youve lost your life.”(whole)3. Most people like _ fast
12、food. (America)4. When you were a baby, in your _hours your mother always holds you in her arms.(wake)5. The French artist said, “It is my _ time to visit China. I love this country (one)Key: 1.poor; 2. whole; 3. American; 4. waking; 5. first(6) 对状语的判断分析 状语说明动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式、目的、结果、条件、伴随情况。词性以副词为主,也可
13、以是介词短语,动词必须变形为 to do、 doing 、done 的形式。1. They often go to farmershouses to eat their food and then walk to their mountain. (slow)2. Watch _, and you will find out the differences between the two pictures.(care)3. It was rainy. Several times he _ fell off the ladder.(near)Key: 1.slowly; 2. carefully;
14、 3. nearly;(7) 对连词的判断分析 在英语中,并列连词 and, but, or, so, not only but also, eitheror, neithernor,as well as, bothand 等都是连接并列的词、词组;从属连词连接主句与从句。1. The pandas face looks like a cats, but its fat body short tails look like a bears. S_people call this animal “bearcat”.2. He could not get out b he hurt his leg
15、.3. Exercising is not only good for our body, b_ also good for our mind.4. Ill be free this weekend. So you can come e_ on Saturday or on Sunday.Key: 1.So ; 2. because; 3. but; 4.either二、掌握词性转化技巧熟练掌握词性转化的技巧是成功通向首字母的第二步。我们应了解下面的一般词性转化规律动词变名词一般在此为+ment 如:movement,improvement名词变形容词一般在词尾+ful 如:wonderful
16、名词变形容词也可+al 如:musical形容词变副词一般在此为+ly 如:carefully前缀后缀也是词性转换的一种方式下面举例做参考,平时在学习过程中要多积累。collection.n.可以拆解为:收集事物的(collec)行为或过程(tion),或动补收集事物(collec)形成的或抓住的(tion)意思:收集品. development.n.可以拆解为 :发展的(develop)行为(ment)意思:发展,或发展(develop)造成的(ment)意思:发育或新的发展. 三、培养发散思维能力Exercises: Guessing the missing word1. _ are he
17、lpful to students.2. _ are helpful to students. They give us energy.3. _ are helpful to students. They keep us healthy.4. _ are helpful to students. They make us study better.分析 观察一下你会发现,这几题的答案并不是唯一的,只要合乎逻辑皆可。第一题可以是 teachers, doctors, exercises, books 等等,一切有可能的复数名词都可作为正确答案。第二题受 energy 的限制,答案要少一些,可以是 all kinds of food. 第三题的限制词是 healthy,因此 exercises , good habits 等。第四题的限制是 make us study better. 一些好的 books, study ways 等都可以。总结以上说明解首字母填空题需要如下技能:1.对所缺词的句子成分必须作出精确判断,然后选择正确的词性,即必须熟练掌握句子成分与词性的对应关系. 2. 必须训练自己扩散性思维能力,如同猜谜,因为词义的确定依靠对句中限制信息的判断得出. 3.良好的语法基本功.在确定好词性与词义后,单复数时态的确定建立在良好的语法基本功之上。