1、出口补贴的基本内容:,第一个， 出口补贴是一个政府政策，鼓励货物的出口并且为出口商通过低贷款成本或者减免关于国内市场阻止货物的销售的税款， 政府投资或者参与研究与发展。 出口补贴减少了支付的价格外国进口商,这意味着国内消费者付出的比外国消费者更多。 世贸组织禁止最直接关系到出口的补贴。,First，export subsidy is a government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through low-cost loans or tax r
2、elief for exporters, or government financed international advertising or R&D. An export subsidy reduces the price paid by foreign importers, which means domestic consumers pay more than foreign consumers. The WTO prohibits most subsidies directly linked to the volume of exports.,出口补贴也时产生的内部价格支持，如在保证
3、商品，创造更多的比可以在该国国内消费生产的最低价格。这是不损害保证最低价格。这些价格支持往往加上进口关税。与其让腐烂的商品或破坏它的政府输出了。沙特阿拉伯是一个小麦净出口国，日本常常是一个大米净出口国。,Export Subsidies are also generated when internal price supports, as in a guaranteed minimum price for a commodity, create more production than can be consumed internally in the country. That is wit
4、hout undermining the guaranteed minimum price. These price supports are often coupled with import tariffs. Instead of letting the commodity rot or destroying it the government exports it. Saudi Arabia is a net exporter of wheat, Japan often is a net exporter of rice.,出口补贴也可能是一个永恒的通货膨胀机:政府补助这项产业基于成本的
5、增加,但花在工资补贴的要求是直接由员工加息引起的。在现在的工资补贴产业比其他地方高,导致其他雇员要求较高的工资,然后反映在价格,导致通货膨胀。,Export subsidies can also be a perpetual inflation machine: the government subsidises the industry based on costs, but an increase in the subsidy is directly spent on wage hikes demanded by employees. Now the wages in the subsid
6、ised industry are higher than elsewhere, which causes the other employees demand higher wages, which are then reflected in prices, resulting in inflation everywhere in the economy,出口补贴是由政府为鼓励特定产品的出口金额。至于用税收，补贴，可以在一个特定的或征收从价的基础。最常见的产品在出口补贴应用于农业团体和奶制品。,Export subsidies are payments made by the governm
7、ent to encourage the export of specified products. As with taxes, subsidies can be levied on a specific or ad valorem basis. The most common product groups where export subsidies are applied are agricultural and dairy products.,大多数国家都为他们的国家的农民提供收入支持。这往往是出于国家安全或自给自足的考虑。农民维持收入，限制国内供应，增加国内需求，或者是两者的结合。一
8、个常见的方法是在指定商品的进行抬高价格。当有供应过剩的楼面价，政府必须随时准备购买多余的物品。当有一个商品在价格上供应短缺时，这些商品通常进行存储，为了以后的分配。有时，政府必须购买额外的商品。,Most countries have income support programs for their nations farmers. These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers incomes are maintained by restricting do
9、mestic supply, raising domestic demand, or a combination of the two. One common method is the imposition of price floors on specified commodities. When there is excess supply at the floor price, however, the government must stand ready to purchase the excess. These purchases are often stored for fut
10、ure distribution when there is a shortfall of supply at the floor price. Sometimes the amount the government must purchase exceeds the available storage capacity.,在这种情况下,政府也必须建造更多的储存设施,在某些成本下,或设计出这样一种替代方法处理多余的库存。正是在这种情况下,或者避免这些情况,出口补贴有时也用。通过鼓励出口,政府将会削弱本国的供应和消除需要政府购买的过剩。,In this case, the government
11、must either build more storage facilities, at some cost, or devise an alternative method to dispose of the surplus inventory. It is in these situations, or to avoid these situations, that export subsidies are sometimes used. By encouraging exports, the government will reduce the domestic supply and
12、eliminate the need for the government to purchase the excess.,其中最主要的出口补贴计划在美国被称为出口拓展计划(保留)。其宣称的目的是要帮助我们与之竞争,农民农产品补贴,特别是从其他欧盟国家,在有针对性的国家。环境绩效的主要目标的挑战不公平的贸易手段,扩大美国农产品出口,并鼓励其他国家出口农产品进行认真的谈判在农业贸易方面的问题。,One of the main export subsidy programs in the US is called the Export Enhancement Program (EEP). Its
13、stated purpose is to help US farmers compete with farm products from other subsidizing countries, especially the European Union, in targeted countries. The EEPs major objectives are to challenge unfair trade practices, to expand U.S. agricultural exports, and to encourage other countries exporting a
14、gricultural commodities to undertake serious negotiations on agricultural trade problems.,由于乌拉圭回合中作出的承诺,美国已设立年度出口补贴数量上限的商品和最大的预算支出。在通行证的倡议下，合资格的商品是小麦、面粉,粗麦粉、大米、家禽肉、冷冻猪肉、大麦、大麦麦芽,餐桌上的鸡蛋,和植物油,As a result of Uruguay Round commitments, the US has established annual export subsidy quantity ceilings by com
15、modity and maximum budgetary expenditures. Commodities eligible under EEP initiatives are wheat, wheat flour, semolina, rice, frozen poultry, frozen pork, barley, barley malt, table eggs, and vegetable oil.,近年来,美国政府的年度支出已经超过10亿美元,主要花费在其农业出口拓展计划(绩效)和它的乳制品出口激励计划(DEIP)。每年，欧盟已经花费超过40亿美元的出口补贴来鼓励其农业和奶制品的出
16、口。,In recent years the US government has made annual outlays of over $1 billion in its agricultural Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and its Dairy Export Incentive Program (DEIP). The EU has spent over $4 billion annually to encourage exports of its agricultural and dairy products.,总结:出口补贴理论,出口补贴是指一
17、国政府为鼓励某种商品的出口,对该商品的出口所给予的直接或间接的补助。,Export subsidies : Theory,Export subsidies is that a government to encourage the export of certain goods, for the goods exported by giving direct or indirect subsidy.,出口补贴的基本形式一（Basic forms of export subsidies ）,Direct subsidies Direct subsidies is that the governm
18、ent in merchandise exports, paid directly to exporters cash subsidies. Its purpose is to compensate for export commodities of the international market price lower than domestic market price the damage. Sometimes, subsidies amount may also greatly exceed the actual price difference, this already cont
19、ains the rewards that exports. The subsidy way of agricultural products in the Euro is typical of export subsidies. According to statistics, 1994, the Euro subsidies to farmers total up to 80 billion dollars,直接补贴 直接补贴是指政府在商品出口时，直接付给出口商的现金补贴。其目的是为了弥补出口商品的国际市场价格低于国内市场价格所带来的损失。有时候，补贴金额还可能大大超过实际的差价，这已包含
20、出口奖励的意味。这种补贴方式以欧盟对农产品的出口补贴最为典型。据统计，1994年，欧盟对农民的补贴总计高达800亿美元。,出口补贴的基本形式二（Basic forms of export subsidies ）,Indirect subsidies Indirect subsidies is that the government for certain commodities exports give financial preferential. If return or reduce exports pay sales tax and consumption tax and value-
21、added tax and income tax of domestic taxes, such as imported raw materials or semi-finished goods processing re-export give temporary duty-free or refund, shall be exempted from import duties already pay for export commodities export taxes, implement extension, to reduce freight, pay taxes provide l
22、ow-interest loans, of preferential exchange rates as well as for enterprises to exploit export markets provide subsidies. Its purpose is still is to lower the cost of goods, improve the international competitiveness.,间接补贴间接补贴是指政府对某些商品的出口给予财政上的优惠。如退还或减免出口商品所缴纳的销售税、消费税、增值税、所得税等国内税，对进口原料或半制成品加工再出口给予暂时免税或退还已缴纳的进口税，免征出口税，对出口商品实行延期付税、减低运费、提供低息贷款、实行优惠汇率以及对企业开拓出口市场提供补贴等。其目的仍然在于降低商品成本，提高国际竞争力。,
