1、Chapter 6 Sense Relations 语义关系6.4 Antonymy 反义关系,6.4 Antonymy 反义关系 本节重要术语和概念： 1. antonymy 反义关系 2. antonym 反义词 3. complementary 互补反义词 4. contrary 相对反义词 5. converse 逆反反义词 6. semantic relativity 语义相对性 7. semantic polarity 语义二极性 8. relational opposite 关系对立词 9. reverse term 反向词 10. marked term 有标记项 11. un
2、marked term 无标记项,补充材料 梁启超少年之中国节选老年人常思既往，少年人常思将来。惟思既往也，故生留恋心；惟思将来也，故生希望心。惟留恋也，故保守；惟希望也，故进取。惟保守也，故永旧；惟进取也，故日新。惟思既往也，事事皆其所已经者，故惟知照例；惟思将来也，事事皆其所未经者，故常敢破格。老年人常多忧虑，少年人常好行乐。惟多忧也，故灰心，惟行乐也，故盛气。惟灰心也，故怯懦；惟盛气也，故豪壮。惟怯懦也，故苟且；惟豪壮也，故冒险。惟苟且也，故能灭世界；惟冒险也，故能造世界。老年人常厌事，少年人常喜事。惟厌事也，故常觉一切事无可为者；惟好事也，故常觉一切事无不可为者。老年人如夕照，少年人如
3、朝阳；老年人如瘠牛，少年人如乳虎；老年人如僧，少年人如侠；老年人如字典，少年人如戏文；老年人如鸦片烟，少年人如泼兰地酒；老年人如别行星之陨石，少年人如大洋海之珊瑚岛；老年人如埃及沙漠之金字塔，少年人如西伯利亚之铁路；老年人如秋后之柳，少年人如春前之草；老年人如死海之潴为泽，少年人如长江之初发源。,1. Types of Antonyms 反义词的种类 Antonymy deals with semantic opposition. 反义关系研究的是语义上的对立。 What are antonyms? Antonyms can be defined as words which are oppo
4、site in meaning. 反义词可被定义为意义上对立的词。 Antonyms can be divided into three types:,1) Complementaries 互补反义词 Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 互补反义词是真正反映意义对立的反义词形式。 Examples in the textbook: Adj.: dead alive, present absent, male female,true false, same dif
5、ferentperfect imperfect, single married Noun: boy girl, man woman,Features of complementaries 互补反义词的特点 They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. 它们互相完全对立，互相排斥，之间不允许有任何可能项。肯定
6、一方就等于否定另一方，反之也一样。 Compare: a) beautiful plain uglydead aliveb) He is rich.=He is not poor. (?)He is dead.=He is not alive.,(2) Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are nongradable. 这类反义词的另一个显著特征是这种反义词是非等级的。 Compare: extremely big / very big / big / quite big / medium-si
7、zed /quite small / small / very small / extremely small (tiny)*extremely dead / very dead / dead / quite dead / half-dead, half alive / quite alive / very alive / alive / extremely alive,2) Contraries 相对反义词 Contraries are best envisaged in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. 相对反义
8、词最好被想像为处于两极之间的一个标尺。scale: a piece of wood, plastics, etc, with marks along the edge 标尺，刻度尺,l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55,very big / big / quite big / medium-sized / quite small
9、 / small / very small,Words such as rich-poor, old-young, big-small represent two points at both ends of the pole. The existence of one is in relation to the other. .This shows what is called semantic relativity. 像富穷、老少、大小这样的词表示了一根杆子的两端。一方的存在与另一方有关。 这就是所谓的语义相对性。 Example: (1) poor rich, good bad cold
10、 hot, old young (2) rich, very rich, richer, richest,Antonyms of this kind are characteristic of semantic polarity. These antonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other. 这种反义词的特点是语义二极性。这些反义词形成了处于两极之间的一支等值尺，
11、并可以提供不属于两端的中间地带。,very big / big / quite big / medium-sized /quite small / small / very small,3) Converses 逆反反义词 Converses consist of relational opposites such as parentchild, husbandwife, predecessorsuccessor, employeremployee. The pairs of words indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that o
12、ne of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. 逆反反义词包含了像父母孩子、丈夫妻子、前任后任、雇主雇员这样的关系对立词。这些成对的词表明了一种相互的社会关系，即使用一个词必然会提起另一个。,Reverse terms 反向词 Reverse terms comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality and verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse or undo the quality, action
13、 or state of the other. 反向词包括表示性质的形容词和副词和表示行为或状态的动词和名词，这些性质、行为和状态与另一个词的性质、行为和状态相反。Examples in the textbook: (1) If A sells something to B, then B buys it from A. (2) If A is Bs husband, then B is As wife.,Comparison between complementaries and converses 互补反义词和逆反反义词比较(1) Complementary:He is a man=He
14、is not a woman.A is not a man. A must be a woman. (2) Converse: *He is a husband=He is not a wife. *A is not a husband. A must be a wife.,2. Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms 反义词的一些特点 Words denoting nature, quality or state of things have in many cases antonyms. This accounts for abundance of
15、antonyms among adjectives. Next come verbs which denote action or activity. Least antonyms are found among nouns which generally denote names of objects, domain, idea, etc. 表示性质、品质和状态的词在许多情况下具有反义词。这说明了形容词中反义词多的原因。下一类是表示行动和行为的动词。一般表示物体名称、领域名称和思想名称的名词中反义词最少。 Many words, though having synonyms, do not
16、find their semantic opposites. 许多词虽然有同义词，但却没有语义上的对立词（即反义词）。 Words which are polysemantic can have more than one antonym. 多义的词会有多个反义词。,Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as unmarked and marked terms respectively, on the grounds that one member is more specific than the
17、other and the meaning of the marked term is found in that of the unmarked. 反义词在语义包孕方面有所不同。成对反义词的两方分别被看作无标记项和有标记项，其根据是一方比另一方更加具体，无标记项的意义存在于有标记项的意义之中。 The markedness is also applied to adjectives such as tall-short, old-young where the second term is more restricted in distribution than the first. 有标记
18、性也适用于形容词，像高矮、老少等，其中第二个词在语义分布上比第一个词更有限。 Contraries are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. 相对反义词是等级反义词，在强度上有所不同，因此每一个都有其相应的对立词。,3. The Use of Antonyms 反义词的使用 Antonym have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in d
19、efining the meanings of a given word.反义词有各种实际用途，在解释词义方面早就被证明很有用处、很有价值。 Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast. 反义词能使我们简洁地表达一特定思想的反面，常常是为了形成对比。 Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by pu
20、tting contrasting ideas together. 反义词常用来构成对偶句，以便将对立的思想放在一起取得强调的效果。 Many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purpose. 许多大作家喜欢利用反义词以达到其风格上的目标。,情歌 莎士比亚青年人充满欢乐，老年人充满忧愁，青年人像夏日的早晨，老年人像冬日的天气，青年人像盛装的夏日，老年人像赤裸的冬天，青年人生气勃勃，老年人气喘嘘嘘，青年人敏捷灵活，老年人一瘸一拐，青年人热情勇敢，老年人衰弱冷漠，青年人野性十足，老年人温顺驯服，暮年啊，我真憎恶你，青春啊，我真爱慕你。啊！我亲爱的人，我亲爱的人年轻貌美。,狄更斯双城记：那是最美好的时代，那是最糟糕的时代；那是智慧的年头，那是愚昧的年头；那是信仰的时期，那是怀疑的时期；那是光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希望的春天，那是失望的冬天；我们将拥有一切，我们将一无所有。,
