1、中国医学科学院学报ACTA ACADEMIAE MEDICINAE SINICAECastleman病的发病机制和治疗进展韩 潇,周道斌中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院 北京协和医院血液内科,北京100730通信作者:周道斌 电话:01065295024,电子邮件:daobinzhouyahoocon综 述摘要:Castleman病(cD)是一种少见的淋巴组织增殖性疾病,病因可能与病毒感染、细胞因子调节异常和血管增生等有关。近年研究发现,人类疱疹病毒(HHV)一8感染和白细胞介素(IL)一6过度表达在CD的发病机制中发挥重要作用。治疗方法包括手术切除、放疗、化疗、抗病毒治疗和靶向治疗等。多中心型
2、CD目前尚无标准治疗方法,总体疗效欠佳。新式治疗中抗HHV一8病毒治疗效果不明确,抗CD20单抗和抗IL-6受体单抗已有良好疗效的报道,沙利度胺和硼替佐米等也初见疗效。关键词:Castleman病;病因;治疗;人类疱疹病毒一8;白细胞介素一6;利妥昔单抗;tocilizumab中图分类号:R557+4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000_503X(2009)05063905DOI:103881jissn1000-503X200905029Advances in Etiology and Management of Castleman,S DiseaseHAN Xiao,ZHOU Dao-bin
3、Department of Hematology,PUMC Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 1 00730,ChinaCorresponding author:ZHOU Daobin Tel:01065295024,Email:daobinzhouyahooconABSTRACT:CastlemanS disease(CD)is a rare 1ymphopr01iferatiVe disorderThe etiology of CD mayinvolve viral infection,abnormal modulation of cytokines,and a
4、ngiogenesisHuman herpes virus(HHV)-8infection and interleukin-6(IL-6)overexpression may play key roles in the development of CDTreatment op- ncludegical 一 ,radiation therapy,chemotherapj,antiviral therapy,and geted therapyNotlonsinclude surgical excision radiation therapy chemotherapy antiviral ther
5、apy and targeted therapy standardized treatment has been established for multicentric C D and the treatment efficacy usually is poorAmong newly available agents,the effectiveness of antiviral therapy against HHV-8 is unclear;anti-CD20 andanti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibodies have shown promising
6、efficacy;thalidomide and bortezomib haveshown their initial efficacyKey words:CastlemanS disease;etiology;treatment;human herpes virus一8;interleukin一6;rituximab;tocilizumabC astleman病(C astlemanS disease,少见的淋巴增殖性疾病增生或者巨大淋巴结病布和器官受累情况CD)是一种,又名血管滤泡性淋巴组织,临床上根据肿大淋巴结分分为单中心型(unicentricCastlemanS disease,UC
7、D)和多中心型(multicentricCastlemanS disease,MCD),病理可分为透明血管型(hyaline vascular variant,HVV)、浆细胞型(plasmaActa Acad Med Sin,2009,3 1(5):639643cell variant,PCV)和混合型。CD发病机制目前尚不十分清楚,近年来人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)和人类疱疹病毒(humanherpes virus,HHV)-8与CD的关系MCD的治疗也已成为研究的焦点。越来越得到重视。V0131 No5 639 万方数据中国医学科学
8、院学报CD的发病机制目前认为CD不同于淋巴瘤,为非肿瘤性免疫增生性疾病,可能与病毒感染如HHV8、细胞因子调节异常如白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)6表达增加及血管增生等有关。HHV-8 HHV8是一种人类嗜淋巴组织病毒,与Kaposi肉瘤的发生发展相关,也被认为是Kaposi肉瘤相关疱疹病毒(KaposiS sarcomaassociated herpesvirus,KSHV)。Casper等1研究显示,30一1 00的CD(包括HIV阴性和阳性的UCDMCD)与HHV8感染相关。目前多数研究认为,HHV8是MCD的致病因素,并且HHV8病毒负荷与MCD的病情活动相关,有效的抗病毒
9、治疗可缓解MCD的症状怛4 J。Soulier等K J研究发现,HIV阳性CD患者几乎都存在HHV8感染。Yamasaki等J研究显示,8 1的HIV阴性MCD患者检出HHV8病毒。病毒感染细胞可出现在淋巴结套区、外周血浆、外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMCs)和骨髓中-7-8。由于CD发病率低,目前缺乏动物模型以及前瞻性试验或大规模回顾分析。因此,HHV8是否是HIV相关CD或HIV不相关的MCD或UCD的独立致病因素,还需要进一步对照研究证实。IL-6 IL6是强有力的B细胞分泌刺激因子,也是导致CD发生发展的重要细胞因子,其过
10、度表达可诱导大鼠出现类MCD综合征归J。研究显示,CD患者血清、淋巴结生发中心的B细胞及部分滤泡树突状细胞中IL6表达增加,血清IL6水平与全身症状呈正相关,经治疗后血清IL6水平下降且全身症状好转E lo。对于HHV8感染者,复制中的HHV8病毒可以编码病毒源IL6(viral IL6,vlL6),与人源IL6(human IL6,hlL6)存在25同源性,正常状态下hlL6可经内源性Janus激酶信号转导途径激活转录信号vlL6,通过共受体激活这条信号传导途径促进疾病发生;vlL6还具有刺激B细胞增长和抗凋亡作用,并可诱导hlL6产生;此外,还可诱导血管内皮生长因子(vascular en
11、dothelial growth factor,VEGF)的表达,促进新生血管形成u 1|。vlL6表达是HHV8病毒的独特现象,也是MCD的突出特点。其他机制 其他原因如EB病毒感染以及血管生成等因素尚存在争议。目前多数研究倾向于EB病毒可能不是CD的病因,而是一种伴发感染;CD患者640 October,2009体内VEGF受体表达增加、血管增生并不能解释疾病发生和临床表现的全貌,可能仅仅是CD发病过程中的一个阶段12。CD的治疗由于CD较为少见且存在异质性,目前难以确定统一、标准的治疗方案。对于存在并发症,如HIV感染的患者,需要给予特殊治疗措施。UCD通过手术或放疗可能治愈;MCD预后
12、较差,中位生存期约为1 430个月,严重感染、多脏器功能衰竭及向恶性肿瘤(特别是非霍奇金淋巴瘤)转化是该类患者死亡的主要原因u J。近年来,抗CD20单抗或抗IL6受体的单抗单药或联合化疗治疗MCD已成为研究的热点。外科切除或局部放疗 对于UCD,无论是HVV还是PCV,手术切除几乎均可治愈,包括腹部病变E 13 1。若局部病变不适合手术切除,可选择放疗,有效率高达72l 14。MCD需要全身治疗,具体治疗方法应结合患者的自身意愿和一般状况而定,手术切除受累淋巴结或脾可以改善部分MCD患者的全身症状,其原因可能与肿瘤细胞的“减灭“效应有关,但是疗效短暂;少数没有症状的患者可能只需观察,不需干预
13、5|o糖皮质激素 糖皮质激素的应用可以迅速缓解CD的临床症状,尤其是改善淋巴结肿大和纠正实验室检查异常,但是作用短暂,减量或中断治疗后可反复,持续缓解者少见。长期使用激素可增加严重细菌感染的风险-16。因此,只有当最终治疗方案尚未确定或延迟时,方可单独使用激素。化疗 MCD大多具有侵袭性,与淋巴瘤同属于淋巴组织增殖性疾病,因此治疗可选择非霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗方案,目前推荐多药联合化疗,但尚无统一化疗方案,常根据疾病侵袭程度进行选择。联合化疗方案如CVP(环磷酰胺+长春新碱+泼尼松)或CHOP(环磷酰胺+阿霉素+长春新碱+泼尼松)效果较为明显-16-17。由于联合化疗时感染的风险升高,因此需要密切
14、监测。HIV相关MCD患者是联合化疗的高危人群,尽管高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)治疗提高了患者对化疗的耐受性,但可能存在药物之间的相互作用8|,此外,HAART的应用可促进MCD恶化。对于HIV相关MCD患者,若一般情况较差或无万方数据Casfleman病的发病机制和治疗进展需迅速起效的患者,可选择单药化疗,包括口服苯丁酸氮芥、环磷酰胺、长春碱类或依托泊苷E 16,19-20,干扰素E 21也有一定疗效。利妥昔单抗 利妥昔单抗是抗CD20的单克隆抗体,对伴或不伴HIVHHV8感染的CD患者有效怛2。25 J,该药治
15、疗经验目前仍然有限。Mareelin等怛41采用利妥昔单抗治疗了5例HIV阳性患者,结果显示其中3例达到完全缓解,缓解持续时间为41 4个月,2例治疗有效者因为治疗导致Kaposi肉瘤恶化。Ide等怛3J研究显示,3例HIV阴性患者在利妥昔单抗治疗后有2例接近完全缓解,缓解时间为1 640个月。Casquero等心2 J报道12例接受利妥昔单抗治疗(初治或复发后治疗)的MCD患者(其中2例HIV阴性),9例(75)完全缓解,3例死于原发病;另有3例HIV相关的MCD使用利妥昔单抗治疗后,Kaposi肉瘤恶化,具体机制不明确。一项前瞻性期临床试验显示,24例联合化疗后复发的HIV相关MCD患者采
16、用利妥昔单抗治疗(375 mgm2,每周1次,持续4周)后,1例患者死于疾病进展,23例(958)达完全缓解(CR)。治疗结束后60 d内持续缓解率为92,治疗结束后1年内,1例死于原因不明的急性呼吸衰竭,4例复发,1 7例(7 1)持续缓解,总体生存率92。患者对利妥昔单抗耐受性良好,主要副反应是轻至中度感染,81 2例患者KaposiS肉瘤轻度恶化怛6|。总之,利妥昔单抗单药治疗CD20+的MCD前景广阔,是否可以与治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤的疗效相媲美还需进一步观察。抗病毒治疗 体外实验表明,更昔洛韦、西多福韦等多种抗病毒药物能够明显抑制HHV8 DNA复制,使部分HHV8感染的MCD患者得到不
17、同程度缓解27-28。目前用于患者的临床试验仅为个例报道,且疗效存在差异。Casper等怛引报道3例MCD患者给予更昔洛韦治疗后,HHV8 DNA复制减少,缓解时间达1 21 8个月。Berezne等E 30 3报道8位与HHV8相关的MCD患者接受西多福韦或更昔洛韦联合化疗后血清中的病毒负荷和临床症状均无改善。2008年11月,美国国家癌症研究所启动了针对伴HHV8感染的MCD患者的I期临床试验,选择齐多夫定或缬更昔洛韦抗病毒治疗,结果尚待揭晓。HAART治疗可以降低HIV感染者Kaposi肉瘤的发生率,但是用于治疗CD仍存在争议,因为在开始HAART治疗后CD患者的病情明显进展。IL-6拮
18、抗剂 动物实验显示,抗IL6受体的抗体治疗转基因鼠模型效果明显E 31。2005年6月,日本批准tocilizumab(抗人IL6受体的人源化单克隆抗体)治疗CD,目前该药尚处于期临床试验阶段。Nishimoto等E32 3采用tocilizumab治疗了28例HIV阴性患者,结果显示患者淋巴结肿大等体征、临床症状及实验室指标均有改善;1 5例需要长期激素治疗的CD患者中,11例激素可减量或停用。部分患者的治疗长达3年,副反应轻微,仅为轻度渗出相关症状和短暂的白细胞减少。Akahane等E 33 3研究显示Toeilizumab的长期治疗可能有效。新的靶向治疗药物 一些靶向治疗药物可有效治疗C
19、D。CD的重要病理特点为新生血管形成,而沙利度胺能够抑制血管生成,尽管沙利度胺单药治疗CD的经验有限,但是已经在伴或不伴HIV的患者中表现出持久的效果34-35。硼替唑米是一种蛋白酶抑制剂,可抑制IL6自分泌,同时也可减少输血和降低前炎症因子水平旧6|,已经有硼替唑米联合利妥昔单抗治疗HIV相关的MCD达到完全缓解的个例报道旧7|。这些病例报道为未来治疗提供了方向。综上,CD是一种异质性疾病,可表现为连续的疾病谱或不同疾病的集合。疾病的异质性和少见性对治疗提出了挑战。然而,该病的病理生理基础为治疗,包括个体化的治疗,提供了干预机会。未来针对CD病理生理机制的新式治疗将发挥重要作用。参 考 文
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