1、 3 Y 44 4 2008 M 8 791%C8 *, + , , S S Z 3 S 3 3 , Z 200032Cellulose Synthesis in the Cell Walls of Higher PlantsSONG Dong-Liang*, SHEN Jun-Hui, LI Lai-GengInstitute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China41 : %
2、C18 a8 a ! Tb M , %C , 8 Z | B“ d 7 Zb %C8 ZTB b1oM : 3%C ; Q 3%C ; 8 ; 8 ; ! l 2008-04-30 2008-06-30 SE M S ( , 30725025)b* E-mail: ; Tel: 021-54924161%C 38B%b 8a s! a yMT “1T , %sa8 3?9 M1“b%C n5 %s , % u 3 3%C , 3%CWW , “%s , 3%C = 38 Q 3%C , “%Bs , %Cv% ?Mab1 %C1Fsa ?1.1 3%C 3%C1Fs , , Z (expans
3、in) , Bt , #Bt0 , 0b 3%C18 (cellulose)a8 (hemicellulose)T (pectin)b8 3Cc 15%30%b8B8 (microfibril) Ti , H8 ( 36H -1,4-D- , H + $ s0Fb WM _o , 510 nmb8 = , , _BZ_ , H M , $H M BH8 , Vr+ b8 , b 3%C18 ! (xyloglucan), 1 -1,4-D- , -D- ! $ (1,6)O-6M b%C = , 8 8 , 8 B bT9 3%Cc 30%P , , c -1,4-D- , Fs (homog
4、alacturonan, HG) (rhamnogalacturonan, RG)b 3%C1 ? a % a F% n a e% 3 qZ_a yaW a%! a Fh8a F ah|s0a%WMTb1.2 Q 3%C Q 3%C 3%C = , F 3%CbQ 3%C“c8 8 , c ! (lignin)b! Bp bQ 3%C ! Ti , 9 (rosette)b 6 o8 , 2530 nm, B 8 8 (cellulose synthase complex,CSC)b8 ?C y 1sb Pear (1996) nQ X HZEs 2 % ) CelAy8 y GhCesA-1
5、 GhCesA-2bYVyFs , Richmond (2000)9 E 2yF10 CesAy +b Suzuki (2006)| yF 18 CesAyT BbB CesAyI “M , c 8 t , 2 N, 6 C b N 1 , V ?WMT1b Nt WB M u I (HVRI)b t W , WB M u II (HVRII), M u II HB o , DxD QxxRW, ?1 bM1 , “ M u II , CesAWd o(Richmond 2000)b2.2 3C18 L. 3ZEk E 2 3C8 y : AtCesA1aAtCesA3aAtCesA6aAtC
6、esA2aAtCesA5aAtCesA9b AtCesA1AtCesA3 A V ybAtCesA1 (radial swelling, rsw1)ylM , 6 H , 8 h , h , 8 ? (Arioli 1998)bAtCesA3 (isoxaben resistance, ixr1) (Scheible2001) AtCesA6 (ixr2/prc) (Desprez 2002)lM8 V F8 4s0 (“4B ), AtCesA3y AtCesA1yVr B , 7 O AtCesA1y AtCesA3yBlM8 3C J byN 8 , AtCesA6lM8Hq/ 3 H
7、/ ? % (Desnos1996), lM8 V , w y ? bAtCesA2aAtCesA5 AtCesA9 AtCesA6yv , ? AtCesA6y s b AtCesA2 AtCesA6lM , Hq/ 3 / M , PromoterAtCesA2/6:GUS H?C ,AtCesA2/6 yVr f M , Vr , % u%VrK 3 Y 44 4 2008 M 8794 (rosette) , 6 CesAF , CesABH , “B8 V 36H F8 b=48 8vl 4060nm, 36H H 3 , 3 Y8 , 8 8% , 8 % , KTb8 8 F b
8、# , L. V , c 3CesA (m 1)b3.1 8 a Sa % 2002M , Lai-Kee-Him4 | : (Rubus fruticosus)% , UDP- $ (UDPG) , 8 , i?C8 8 38 d, 8 L UDP- $ (Lai-Kee-Him 2002)b8 = 1 Tb Haigler (2001)4 UDP- $ (sucrose synthase, SUSY)iO.8 b8 UDPG7b b 6 , V, 8 S1!? - - $(sitosterol-glucoside, SG)T (Peng2002)bParedez (2006) T A(sp
9、inning disk confocal microscope)4 ; (yellow fluorescent protein, YFP)S: AtCesA68 8V , ( 330 nmmin-1, 9 s H 3001000 $s0 , 7 O8V_b3.2 8 8 %C = yc , 7 BZ_ Z Tb % , 8 % %Z_b 3%C8 , Paredez (2006) YFPS: AtCesA6 b#4B f , i O 8 s 5 b4 8 8c K , 9 %C1 , H 18 3 ? b8 v 3 3 ?1b8 1“ : L.ZEkM1y , YVylMVks , 88 sE
10、yi y ? ; 3ZE8 3 ? ; % 3; AZE8 %C Vb58 X | vZ , B b 8 8Fa ; “ CesAM1 , s0 ; 8 8 8“ e8 i8 ; CesAyyEBi , cy , yFa 2%CQ8 , 8“ s e ; m 1 8 T8 , UDP- $ , V ? (SUSY)b7 , sT UDP- $ ,48 88 , CesA8BH -1,4-D- , 36 H FBH8 b8 %C = BZ s 55 (kinesin)T , 6BZ V ? s%C ( Cob )YbBt ( Kor )9 V ?8b 3 Y 44 4 2008 M 8 795e
11、 8“Y 3s b t5| 3?s0 , CyZE , y /8 c / 8“ , 3 3 , %C 3r b IDArioli T, Peng L, Betzner AS, Burn J, Wittke W, Herth W,Camilleri C, Hofte H, Plazinski J, Birch R et al (1998).Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.Science, 279: 717720Brocard-Gifford I, Lynch T, Garcia M, Malhotra B,
12、Finkelstein R(2004). The Arabidopsis thaliana ABSCISIC ACID-INSEN-SITIVE8 locus encodes a novel protein mediating abscisic acidand sugar responses essential for growth. Plant Cell, 16:406421Desnos T, Orbovic V, Bellini C, Kronenberger J, Caboche M,Traas J, Hofte H (1996). Procuste1 mutants identify
13、twodistinct genetic pathways controlling hypocotyl cellelongation, respectively in dark and light-grown Arabidopsisseedlings. Development, 122: 683693Desprez T, Juraniec M, Crowell EF, Jouy H, Pochylova Z, ParcyF, Hofte H, Gonneau M, Vernhettes S (2007). Organizationof cellulose synthase complexes i
14、nvolved in primary cellwall synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA, 104: 1557215577Desprez T, Vernhettes S, Fagard M, Refregier G, Desnos T, AlettiE, Py N, Pelletier S, Hofte H (2002). Resistance againstherbicide isoxaben and cellulose deficiency caused by dis-tinct mutations in sa
15、me cellulose synthase isoform CESA6.Plant Physiol, 128: 482490Doblin MS, Kurek I, Jacob-Wilk D, Delmer DP (2002). Cellulosebiosynthesis in plants: from genes to rosettes. Plant CellPhysiol, 43: 14071420Haigler CH, Ivanova-Datcheva M, Hogan PS, Salnikov VV, HwangS, Martin LK, Delmer DP (2001). Carbon
16、 partitioning tocellulose synthesis. Plant Mol Biol, 47: 2951Joshi CP, Bhandari S, Ranjan P, Kalluri UC, Liang X, Fujino T,Samuga A (2004). Genomics of cellulose biosynthesis inpoplars. New Phytol, 164: 5361Joshi CP, Mansfield SD (2007). The cellulose paradoxisimplemolecule, complex biosynthesis. Cu
17、rr Opin Plant Biol, 10(3): 220226Kimura S, Laosinchai W, Itoh T, Cui X, Linder CR, Brown RM Jr(1999). Immunogold labeling of rosette terminal cellulose-synthesizing complexes in the vascular plant Vigna angularis.Plant Cell, 11: 20752085Lai-Kee-Him J, Chanzy H, Muller M, Putaux JL, Imai T, BuloneV (
18、2002). In vitro versus in vivo cellulose microfibrils fromplant primary wall synthases: structural differences. J BiolChem, 277: 3693136939Lane DR, Wiedemeier A, Peng L, Hofte H, Vernhettes S, DesprezT, Hocat DH, Birch RJ, Baskin TI, Burn JE et al (2001).Temperature-sensitive alleles of RSW2 link th
19、e KORRIGANendo-1,4-glucanase to cellulose synthesis and cytokinesisin Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol, 126: 278288Lertpiriyapong K, Sung Z (2003). The elongation defective1mutant of Arabidopsis is impaired in the gene encoding aserine-rich secreted protein. Plant Mol Biol, 53: 581595Molhoj M, Pagant S, H
20、ofte H (2002). Towards understanding therole of membrane-bound endo-1,4-gucanases in cellulosebiosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol, 43: 13991406Molhoj M, Ulvskov P, Dal Degan F (2001). Characterization ofa functional soluble form of a Brassica napus membrane-anchored endo-1,4-glucanase heterologously ex
21、pressed inPichia pastoris. Plant Physiol, 127: 674684Nicol F, His I, Jauneau A, Vernhettes S, Canut H, Hofte H (1998).A plasma membrane-bound putative endo-1,4-D- glucanaseis required for normal wall assembly and cell elongation inArabidopsis. EMBO J, 17: 55635576Pagant S, Bichet A, Sugimoto K, Lero
22、uxel O, Desprez T, McCannM, Lerouge P, Vernhettes S, Hofte H (2002). KOBITO1encodes a novel plasma membrane protein necessary fornormal synthesis of cellulose during cell expansion inArabidopsis. Plant Cell, 14: 20012013Paredez AR, Somerville CR, Ehrhardt D (2006). Visualization ofcellulose synthase
23、 demonstrates functional association withmicrotubules. Science, 312: 14911495Pear JR, Kawagoe Y, Schreckengost WE, Delmer DP, Stalker DM(1996). Higher plants contain homologs of the bacterialcelA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of cellulose synthase.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93: 1263712642Peng LC
24、, Kawagoe Y, Hogan P, Delmer D (2002). Sitosterol-glucoside as primer for cellulose synthesis in plants. Science,295: 147150Persson S, Paredez A, Carroll A, Palsdottir H, Doblin M,Poindexter P, Khitrov N, Auer M, Somerville CR (2007).Genetic evidence for three unique components in primarycell-wall c
25、ellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. ProcNatl Acad Sci USA, 104: 1556615571Richmond T (2000). Higher plant cellulose synthases. GenomeBiol, 4: 3001.13001.6Robert S, Bichet A, Grandjean O, Kierzkowski D, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B, Pelletier S, Hauser M-T, Hofte H, VernhettesS (2005). An Arabidopsis
26、 endo-1,4-D-glucanase involvedin cellulose synthesis undergoes regulated intracellular cycling.Plant Cell, 17: 33783389 3 Y 44 4 2008 M 8796Roudier F, Fernandez AG, Fujita M, Himmelspach R, Borner GHH,Schindelman G, Song S, Baskin TI, Dupree P, Wasteneys GOet al (2005). COBRA, an Arabidopsis extrace
27、llular glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein, specifically controlshighly anisotropic expansion through its involvement incellulose microfibril orientation. Plant Cell, 17: 17491763Sato S, Kato T, Kakegawa K, Ishii T, Liu YG, Awanao T, TakabeK, Nishiyama Y, Kuga S, Sato S et al (2001). Rol
28、e of theputative membrane bound endo-1,4-glucanase KORRIGANin cell elongation and cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsisthaliana. Plant Cell Physiol, 42: 251263Saxena IM, Brown Jr RM (2005). Cellulose biosynthesis: currentviews and evolving concepts. Ann Bot, 96: 921Scheible WR, Eshed R, Richmond T, Del
29、mer D, Somerville CR(2001). Modifications of cellulose synthase confer resis-tance to isoxaben and thiazolidinone herbicides in ArabidopsisIxr1 mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98: 1007984Smith LG, Oppenheimer D (2005). Spatial control of cell expan-sion by the plant cytoskeleton. Annu Rev Cell Dev
30、Biol, 21:271295Somerville C (2006). Cellulose synthesis in higher plants. AnnuRev Cell Dev Biol, 22: 5378Suzuki S, Li L, Sun YH, Chiang VL (2006). The cellulose synthasegene superfamily and biochemical functions of xylem-spe-cific cellulose synthase-like genes in Populus trichocarpa.Plant Physiol, 1
31、42: 12331245Szyjanowicz PMJ, McKinnon I, Taylor NG, Gardiner J, JarvisMC, Turner SR (2004). The irregular xylem 2 mutant is anallele of korrigan that affects the secondary cell wall ofArabidopsis thaliana. Plant J, 37: 730740Tanaka K, Murata K, Yamazaki M, Onosato K, Miyao A,Hirochika H (2003). Thre
32、e distinct rice cellulose synthasecatalytic subunit genes required for cellulose synthesis in thesecondary wall. Plant Physiol, 133 (1): 7383Taylor NG, Howells RM, Huttly AK, Vickers K, Turner SR (2003).Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essentialfor cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad
33、Sci USA, 100:14501455Taylor NG, Laurie S, Turner SR (2000). Multiple cellulose syn-thase catalytic subunits are required for cellulose synthesis inArabidopsis. Plant Cell, 12: 25292539Taylor NG, Scheible WR, Cutler S, Somerville CR, Turner SR(1999). The irregular xylem3 locus of Arabidopsis encodesa
34、 cellulose synthase required for secondary cell wall synthesis.Plant Cell, 11: 769779Zhong R, Burk D, Morrison W, Ye Z (2002). A kinesin-like pro-tein is essential for oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrilsand cell wall strength. Plant Cell, 14: 31013117Zhong R, Morrison W, Freshour G, Hahn M, Ye ZH (2003).Expression of a mutant form of cellulose synthase AtCesA7causes dominant negative effect on cellulose biosyn
