1、加拿大木业协会设计师培训班第一阶段 轻型木结构Canada Wood Level 1 - Wood-Frame Construction,墙体和屋盖 Wall and Roof Framing Herbert Otto, B. Arch., MRAIC,平台式建造法 Platform Framing,屋顶桁架 Roof trusses,38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm 墙骨柱 38 x 89 or 38 x 140mm ( 2x4 or 2x6) stud walls,楼盖覆面板 Floor sheathing,楼盖搁栅 Floor joists,基础 Foundation,平台式轻
2、型木结构 Platform Framing,图片由加拿大木材理事会提供 Diagram Courtesy Canadian Wood Council,承重内隔墙 Load Bearing interior wall楼盖覆面板 Floor sheathing 组合梁 Built up beam地梁板锚固螺栓 Sill plate anchor bolt地梁板 Sill plate 封边搁栅 Rim Joist 底梁板 Bottom wall plate 墙体覆面板 Wall sheathing,桁架或椽条 Truss or rafter 屋顶覆面板 Roof sheathing剪刀撑 Cross
3、 bridging顶梁板 Top plate墙骨柱 Stud钉板条 Strapping搁栅 Joist,墙体 Wall Framing,墙体设计 Wall Design,墙体 Wall Framing,双层顶梁板 Double top plate,门洞过梁 Door header or lintel,封头墙骨柱 Trimmer,主要墙骨柱 King stud,短撑 Cripple,墙骨柱 Common stud,窗口过梁 Window header or lintel,底梁板 Bottom plates,窗洞口Window rough opening,底梁Sill,短撑Cripple,墙体 W
4、all Framing,墙骨柱、板、短撑和过梁用钉和楼板连接，然后安装对角支撑或覆面板Stud, plates, cripples and lintels are laid out on the floor, nailed together, then cross braced or sheathed.,墙体 Wall Framing,门窗洞口过梁通常使用2x4规格材，中间使用2x6规格材Window or door header framing, conventional 38 x 89mm (2x4) and insulated 38 x 140 mm (2x6). 用于过梁的规格材尺寸由
5、荷载和跨度决定Size of dimension lumber used in header determined by load and span,墙体 Wall Framing,提起墙体并连接在一起，需要使用临时支撑Walls tilted up and tied together and temporarily braced as required.,墙体 Wall Framing,转角处的顶梁板要搭接Corner framing with lapped top plates. 转角处填充保温棉时，要在内测放置第三根墙骨柱支撑内装修层Third inside stud provides
6、support for interior finish while allowing corner to be insulated,Third stud,墙体 Wall Framing,内外隔墙的连接Interior partition wall / exterior wall connection. 2x6规格材做垫板方便墙体赶作业施工以及连接后面的填充材布置38 x 140mm (2x6) backer for supporting drywall and allowing insulation behind connection.,垫板 Backer,墙体 Wall Framing,覆面
7、板横放在楼面上，然后开始安装Panel type sheathing applied to framing when it is still horizontal on the floor deck. 覆面板类型Range of sheathings 定向刨花板 OSB 胶合板 Plywood 防火板 Fibreboard 石膏板 Gypsum 保温填充覆面板Insulated sheathing,竖向和水平布置的覆面板,墙体 Wall Framing,内隔墙和保温天花板的连接。顶梁板之间布置带状聚乙烯作为隔气层Interior partition wall connection with i
8、nsulated ceiling. When polyethylene air / vapour barrier is used strip placed between top plates,天花板搁栅,顶梁板,墙骨柱,带状聚乙烯作为隔气层（也可以布置在顶梁板之间，楼板之间不要求布置）,2x6规格材，用于钉连接,墙体 Wall Framing,当搁栅和外墙平行时，需要设置垫板来支撑内装修层Where joists are parallel to exterior wall back framing required to provide support for interior finish
9、,墙骨柱,底梁板,下部楼面板,楼盖搁栅,用于内装修的钉连接,端部搁栅,板,墙体设计 Wall Framing Design,内墙和外墙结构功能和荷载分布不同，所以应分开设计。 Interior and exterior walls should be designed separately since they have different functions and loads are distributed differently墙骨柱最小尺寸和间距的规定（设计表中还包括其他的长度、树种和荷载分配） Rules of thumb for minimum stud sizes and spa
10、cing (design tables for other lengths, species, and load configurations) 外墙高度建到3m Exterior Walls up to 3 m tall 仅支承屋盖- 38 x 89 600 mm o.c Supporting roof only 38 x 89 600 mm o.c. 支承屋盖和1层楼盖 38 x 89 400 mm o.c. Supporting roof and 1 floor 38 x 89 400 mm o.c. 支承屋盖和2层楼盖 38 x 140 400 mm o.c. Supporting r
11、oof and 2 floors 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.,墙体设计 Wall Framing Design,内墙高度建到3m Interior Walls up to 3m tall非承重 Non load bearing 38 x 89 600 mm o.c. （推荐400mm）38 x 89 600 mm o.c. (however 400 mm recommended) 承重 Load bearing 支承屋盖和1层楼盖 38 x 89 400 mm o.c. Supporting 1 floor 38 x 89 400 mm o.c. 支承屋盖和2层楼盖 38 x 8
12、9 300 mm o.c. Supporting 2 floors 38 x 89 300 mm o.c. 支承屋盖和3层楼盖 38 x 140 400 mm o.c. Supporting 3 floors 38 x 140 400 mm o.c.,墙体设计 Wall Framing Design,过梁 Lintels,墙体设计-外墙过梁 Wall Framing Design Exterior Lintel,墙体设计-内隔墙 Wall Framing Design Interior Partition,墙体设计 Wall Framing Design,有覆面板的墙体可以抵抗侧向力，例如地震
13、作用和风荷载Walls with panel sheathing also resist lateral forces such as earthquake and wind 覆面板可以用定向刨花板或胶合板，根据墙骨柱的间距，板厚可以从9.5 mm 到15.5 mmPanel material can be plywood or OSB sheathing 9.5 mm to 15.5 mm thick depending on stud spacing 厚度12.5 mm 和15.8 mm 的石膏板也能使用Gypsum board can also be used in 12.5 mm an
14、d 15.8 mm thickness 符合上海轻型木结构技术规程中构造设计法中墙体最小长度的要求For prescriptive design, minimum length of braced wall lines in accordance with 4.2.2 of Shanghai Technical Code for Lightweight Wood Frame Construction must be adhered to,改进的结构 Advanced Framing,平台式建造法可以有效的利用木材：Platform framing can be optimized to use
15、 wood more efficiently benefits include: 结构使用更少的木材Less framing lumber used 更少的人工Less labour required 当木材采用保温材时，热交换更低Lower heat transfer as wood replaced by insulation,改进结构的特点 Features of Advanced Framing,墙骨柱，通常为2x6，中心间距600mmStuds, typically 38 x 140mm (2x6) spaced at 600mm (24”) 荷载顺次传递，不需要两层顶梁板Loads
16、 lined up one above another eliminating the need for double top plates 两个墙骨柱转角Two stud corners 门窗洞口处过梁可以穿过墙骨柱，不需要短撑Window and door headers let into studs eliminating cripples,屋顶 Roof Framing,大部分采用工厂预制的木桁架Majority of wood frame buildings use factory built trusses. 通常用2x4规格材制作腹杆和弦杆，节点压制金属连接件Typically
17、38 x 89mm (2x4) webs and cords and pressed metal connectors,屋顶 Roof Framing,桁架的偏差Truss variations 抬高根部以便外墙全都可以做到保温隔热层Raised heel to allow full depth insulation to exterior wall 采用剪刀撑的倾斜天花板Scissors allows sloped ceiling,屋顶 Roof Framing,现场手工施工Hand framed roof construction 现场切割规格材制作椽条和搁栅Dimension lumbe
18、r cut on site to make rafters and joists.,屋顶 Roof Framing,木制工字型梁Wood I beams 大跨度Allow for long spans 桁架的深度和预留孔洞可以在较高的天花板中安装保温填充材料，其范围为RSI 7到RSI 10.6 (R40 到 R60, K 0.14到K 0.095)Depth and pre-punched holes allow for high levels of insulation in a cathedral ceiling in the range of RSI 7 to RSI 10.6 (R4
19、0 to R60, K 0.14 to K 0.095),屋顶 Roof Framing,平行弦桁架空心腹板Open web parallel cord trusses 大跨度Allow for long spans 桁架的深度可以在较高的天花板中安装保温填充材料Depth allows for high levels of insulation in a cathedral ceiling,屋顶覆面 Roof Sheathing,胶合木 Plywood 根据跨度和有无填块，使用H扣件或企口板，厚度可以从7.5mm到12.5mmRanging in thickness from 7.5 mm
20、to 12.5mm (5/16” to ”) depending on span and use of blocking, H clips or tongue and groove. 表面的木纹方向与支撑垂直Face grain runs perpendicular to the supports. 定向刨花板 OSB 根据跨度和有无填块和是否使用H扣件，厚度可以从9.5mm到12.7mm Ranging in thickness from 9.5mm to 12.7mm (3/8” to ”) depending on span, blocking and used of H clips 跳
21、跃式覆面板 Skip sheathing 19mm x 89mm ( 1x4) 19mm x 140mm ( 1x6) 间隔用钉固定在椽条上Nailed to rafters with spacing. 屋盖底部设有天沟，板之间没有间距，无法承受水和冰荷载At base of roof by gutter no spacing between boards to provide support for water and ice shield.,(Courtesy Canadian Wood Council),木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计 Wood Roof Design,木屋盖设计-梁柱混合型 Wood Roof Design Post and Beam Hybrid,完工作品 The Final Product,
