1、全国人民代表大会 The National Peoples Congress来源： 中国人大网 http:/ | CATTI 考试资料与资讯整理（一）全国人民代表大会的组织(1) The Organization of the NPC全国人民代表大会是中国的最高国家权力机关。它由省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会，中国人民解放军军人代表大会，香港特别行政区全国人民代表大会代表选举会议，澳门特别行政区全国人民代表大会代表选举会议，台湾省籍同胞协商选举会议等 35 个选举单位依法选出的全国人民代表大会代表组成，每届任期 5 年。第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议于 2013 年 3 月 5 日在北京召
2、开。在第十二届全国人民代表大会第一次会议召开前选出的第十二届全国人民代表大会代表共 2987 名。The NPC is the highest organ of state power in China, it is composed of NPC deputies elected by such 35 electoral units as Peoples Congresses of provinces，autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government the Peoples Liberati
3、on Army the deputy election council Of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Regionthe deputy election council of the Macao Special Administrative Region and the Taiwan compatriots consultation election councilEach congress is elected for a term of five years A total of 2987 deputies were elected to
4、the current 11th NPC before the first session was convened.全国人民代表大会会议每年举行一次。全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要，或者有五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，可以临时召集全国人民代表大会会议。The NPC meets in session once a year. An interim session of the NPC may be convened at any time if the Standing Committee of the NPC deems it necessary or if one-fift
5、h or more of its deputies so propose.（二） 全国人民代表大会的职权(2) Functions and Powers of the NPC修改宪法并监督宪法的实施-To amend the Constitution and to supervise its enforcement. 修宪权只属于全国人民代表大会。宪法的修改，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。1982 年，全国人民代表大会通过了现行宪法。此后，全国人民代表大会于 1988 年、1993 年、1999
6、年和 2004 年分别通过了四个宪法修正案。为了维护宪法的尊严，保障宪法的实施，全国人民代表大会还负有监督宪法实施的职权。Only the NPC has the power to amend the Constitution. Amendments to the Constitution must be proposed by the NPC Standing Committee or by one-fifth or more of the NPC deputies and they must be passed by a two-thirds majority vote of all de
7、puties. It was comprehensively revised by the NPC in 1982. The current Constitution is the one promulgated and put into effect after this revision. Since then, the NPC also partially amended the Constitution on four different occasions in 1988, 1993, 1999 and 2004. To defend the dignity of the Const
8、itution and guarantee its enforcement, the NPC also has the power to oversee its enforcement.-To enact and amend basic laws governing criminal offences, civil affairs, state organs and other matters. 制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律The NPC has enacted the Criminal Law, the Criminal Procedure Law, the Civil
9、Law, the Civil Procedure Law, the Organic Law of the NPC, the Organic Law of the State Council, the Organic Law of Local Peoples Congresses and Local Peoples Governments, the Organic Law of the Peoples Courts, the Organic Law of the Peoples Procuratorates, the Law on the Autonomy of Ethnic Minority
10、Regions, the Electoral Law, and the Law on Deputies to the NPC and to the Local Peoples Congresses. The Marriage Law, the Citizenship Law, the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region were also enacted by the NPC.如刑法、刑事诉讼法、
11、民法、民事诉讼法、全国人民代表大会组织法、国务院组织法、地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府组织法、人民法院组织法、人民检察院组织法、民族区域自治法、选举法、代表法、婚姻法、国籍法、香港特别行政区基本法、澳门特别行政区基本法等，都是由全国人民代表大会制定的。-To elect and appoint members to central state organs. 选举、决定任命和罢免中央国家机构组成人员包括：选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席；选举全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长、副委员长、秘书长和委员；根据中华人民共和国主席的提名，决定国务院总理的人选；根据国务院总理的提名，决定国务院副总理
12、、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、中国人民银行行长、审计长、秘书长的人选；选举中央军事委员会主席；根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选；选举最高人民法院院长；选举最高人民检察院检察长。全国人民代表大会还有权罢免上述人员。The NPC elects the Chairman, Vice Chairmen, Secretary-General and other members of its Standing Committee. It elects the President and the Vice President of the Peoples Repub
13、lic of China. It decides on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon the nomination by the President of the Peoples Republic of China, and also decides on the choice of the Vice Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, Governor of the Peoples Bank of
14、China, as well as the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council on the basis of the Premiers nominations. It elects the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and decides all other members to the Central Military Commission based on the Central Military Commission Chairmans
15、 nominations. It also elects the President of the Supreme Peoples Court and the Procurator-General of the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate. The NPC also has the power to remove from office any of the above-mentioned officials.决定国家重大事项-To determine major state issues. 包括：审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告；审查批准中
16、央和地方预算草案及预算执行情况的报告；批准省、自治区和直辖市的建置；决定特别行政区的设立及其制度；决定战争和和平的问题等。如，香港特别行政区的设立，澳门特别行政区的设立，海南省和重庆直辖市的设立，长江三峡工程的兴建等，都是由全国人民代表大会决定的。The NPC is charged with examining and approving the report on the national economic and social development plan and on its implementation; examining the report on the central a
17、nd local budgets and their implementation and approving the report on the central budget and its implementation; approving the establishment of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; deciding on where to establish special administrative regions and wh
18、at system they should institute; and deciding on questions of war and peace, and others. The establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, Hainan Province and Chongqing Municipality and the building of the Three Gorges Dam Project on the Yangt
19、ze River were all decided by the NPC.（三）全国人民代表大会会议程序(3) Procedures of the National Peoples Congress Sessions（1）会议的举行(a) Convocation of sessions. 全国人民代表大会会议于每年第一季度举行。全国人民代表大会会议由全国人民代表大会常务委员会召集。每届全国人民代表大会第一次会议，在本届全国人民代表大会代表选举完成后的两个月内，由上届全国人民代表大会常务委员会召集。全国人民代表大会会议有三分之二以上的代表出席，始得举行。NPC sessions are annu
20、ally held in the first quarter of the year and are called by the NPC Standing Committee. The first session of each NPC is called by the Standing Committee of the previous NPC within two months following the completion of the election of the deputies to the current NPC. An NPC session is not consider
21、ed valid unless two-thirds or more of all NPC deputies attend.（2）会议的形式(b) Forms of sessions. 全国人民代表大会会议期间召开全体会议和代表团会议。全体会议的主要任务是：听取全国人民代表大会常务委员会、国务院、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院的工作报告；审查国民经济和社会发展计划执行情况与国民经济发展计划草案报告；审查中央和地方预算执行情况及中央和地方预算草案报告；听取提案人提请会议审议的各项议案的说明；对各项议案进行表决，作出决定；依法选举、决定或罢免中央国家机构组成人员。代表团会议包括代表团全体会议和代表团
22、小组会议。代表团会议的主要任务是审议列入会议议程的有关报告和议案。During an NPC session, plenary meetings and meetings of delegations are held. The major tasks of plenary meetings are to listen to the work reports by the NPC Standing Committee, the State Council, the Supreme Peoples Court and the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate; to e
23、xamine the report on the implementation of the plan for national economic and social development and on the draft plan for national economic and social development; to examine the report on the implementation of the central and local budgets and on the draft plan for the central and local budgets; t
24、o listen to the statements made by the sponsors of bills submitted to the session for deliberation; to vote on bills; and to elect, appoint or remove from office personnel in Central Government departments in accordance with the law. Meetings of delegations include plenary meetings and workshops. Th
25、e main responsibilities of plenary meetings are to examine and approve the reports and bills on the NPC sessions agenda.（3）议案的提出(c) Submitting bills. 全国人民代表大会主席团，全国人民代表大会常务委员会，全国人民代表大会各专门委员会，国务院，中央军事委员会，最高人民法院，最高人民检察院，可以向全国人民代表大会提出属于全国人民代表大会职权范围内的议案，由主席团决定列入会议议程。一个代表团或者30 名以上的代表联名，可以向全国人民代表大会提出属于全国人
26、民代表大会职权范围内的议案，由主席团决定是否列入会议议程，或者先交有关的专门委员会审议、提出是否列入会议议程的意见，再决定是否列入会议议程。The Presidium of the NPC session, the Standing Committee and the special committees of the NPC, the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the Supreme Peoples Court or the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate, may submit a bill
27、to the NPC within the scope of their own authority. It is the Presidium that decides to put the bill on an NPC sessions agenda. A delegation or a group of over 30 deputies may also together submit a bill to the NPC within the scope of their own powers and responsibilities, and it is the Presidium th
28、at is supposed to decide upon whether to put the bill on the sessions agenda or not; or the Presidium may do so after the bill is referred to the special committee concerned for examination and decision on its inclusion on the agenda.（4）议案的审议(d) Deliberation of bills.审议工作报告Examining work reports. 全国
29、人民代表大会每年举行会议的时候，全国人民代表大会常务委员会、国务院、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院向会议提出的工作报告，经各代表团审议后，会议可以作出相应的决议。During an annual NPC session, the NPC Standing Committee, the State Council, the Supreme Peoples Court and the Supreme Peoples Procuratorate present their work reports at the session. After their reports are examined by
30、the delegations, the session may make relevant resolutions on them.Deliberating bills. 审议法律案对列入会议议程的法律案，首先由大会全体会议听取提案人关于法律案的说明，然后由代表团会议进行审议，有关专门委员会也同时进行审议、提出报告。法律委员会根据各代表团和有关专门委员会的审议意见，对法律案进行统一审议，并向主席团提出审议结果报告和法律草案修改稿。主席团审议通过后印发会议，并将修改后的法律案提请大会全体会议表决。A bill on the sessions agenda is first explained
31、by its sponsor at a plenary meeting, then deliberated at meetings of delegations and special committees, after which reports on the deliberations are made. Based on suggestions by delegations and special committees, the Law Committee of the NPC undertakes a unified deliberation of the bill and submi
32、ts a report on the results of the deliberations and a revised draft law to the Presidium of the session. After review and approval by the Presidium, the revised bill is printed and distributed sessionwide and is supposed to be voted on at a plenary meeting.Examining state plans and budgets. 审查国家计划和国
33、家预算全国人民代表大会会议举行的一个月前，国务院有关主管部门就国民经济和社会发展计划及计划执行情况、国家预算及预算执行情况的主要内容，向全国人民代表大会财政经济委员会和有关的专门委员会汇报，由财政经济委员会进行初步审查。全国人民代表大会举行会议的时候，国务院向会议提出关于国民经济和社会发展计划及计划执行情况的报告、关于中央和地方预算及预算执行情况的报告，并将国民经济和社会发展计划主要指标（草案）、全国预算收支表（草案）和全国预算执行情况表（草案）一并印发会议，由各代表团进行审查，并由财政经济委员会根据各代表团和有关的专门委员会的审查意见，对国民经济和社会发展计划及计划执行情况的报告、关于中央和
34、地方预算及预算执行情况的报告进行审查，向主席团提出审查结果报告，主席团审查通过后印发会议，并将关于计划的决议草案、关于预算和预算执行情况的决议草案提请大会全体会议表决。计划、中央预算经全国人民代表大会批准后，在执行过程中必须作部分调整的，国务院提请全国人民代表大会常务委员会审查和批准。One month before an NPC session is held, relevant departments of the State Council should brief the Financial and Economic Affairs Committee of the NPC and a
35、ppropriate special committees on the new plan for national economic and social development and the implementation of the previous as well as the newly drafted local and central budgets and the implementation of the previous central budget for preliminary examination by the Financial and Economic Aff
36、airs Committee. When the NPC holds a session, the State Council should submit these reports to the session, and also distribute session wide the printed copies of the main targets in the draft plan for national economic and social development, the statement of revenue and expenditures in the draft s
37、tate budget, and the draft report on the implementation of the state budget for examination by all delegations, the Financial and Economic Affairs Committee and other appropriate special committees. Based on suggestions by delegations and other special committees concerned, the Financial and Economi
38、c Affairs Committee examines the new national economic and social development plan and the implementation of the previous as well as the newly drafted local and central budgets and the implementation of the previous central budget, and it then submits reports on the results of this examination to th
39、e Presidium. After review and approval by the Presidium, the reports are printed and distributed likewise, and the draft resolution on the new plan and on the implementation of the previous one and the draft resolution on the new budgets and on the implementation of the previous central budget are s
40、upposed to be voted on at a plenary meeting. After the state plan and the central budget being approved by the NPC, proposals for partial adjustments to them that prove necessary in the course of their implementation should be submitted by the State Council to the NPC Standing Committee for examinat
41、ion and approval.（5）议案的表决(e) Voting on bills. 全国人民代表大会全体会议表决议案，由全体代表的过半数通过。宪法的修改，由全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。表决结果由会议主持人当场宣布。法律案通过后，由中华人民共和国主席签署主席令公布；宪法修正案通过后，由全国人民代表大会主席团公布。Bills are voted on at plenary meetings of the NPC and they are adopted if a simple majority of all deputies vote for them. An amendment m
42、ade to the Constitution requires more than two-thirds majority vote before it can be passed. Voting results are declared by the chairman of the meeting when the voting is completed. After a bill becomes law, the President of the Peoples Republic of China signs a decree to promulgate it. After an ame
43、ndment to the Constitution is adopted, it is promulgated by the Presidium of the NPC session.全国人民代表大会表决议案采用投票方式、举手方式或者其他方式，由主席团决定。宪法的修改，采用投票方式表决。At an NPC session, the Presidium decides whether to vote upon bills by ballot, show of hands or some other methods. Voting on amendments to the Constitution is always by ballot.来源： 中国人大网 2016 年 2 月 1 日
