1、 成功的钥匙When I was 27 years old, I left a very demanding job in management consulting, for a job that was even more demanding: teaching. I went to teach seventh grades math in the New York City public schools. And like any teacher, I made quizzes and tests, i gave out homework assignments. When the wo
2、rk came back, I calculated grades. What struck me was that I.Q. was not the only difference between my best and my worst students, some of my strongest performers did not have stratospheric I.Q. Scores, some of my smartest kids werent doing so well. And that got me thinking, the kinds of things you
3、need to learn in seventh grade math, sure, theyre hard: ratios, decimals, the area of a parallelogram, but these concepts are not impossible. And I was firmly convinced that every one of my students could learn material if they worked hard and long enough。在我 27 岁的时候，我辞去了一份非常有挑战性的职业-企业管理咨询，转而投入了一份更加具
4、有挑战性的职业：教育。我来到纽约的一些公立学校教七年级学生数学，和别的老师一样，我会给同学们做小测试和考试，我会给他们布置家庭作业。当这些试卷和作业收上来之后，我计算了他们的成绩，让我震惊的是，I.Q 的高低并不是我最好的和最差的学生之间唯一的差别，一些在课业上表现很好的学生并不具有非常高的 IQ 分数， 一些聪明的孩子反而在课业上表现的不那么尽如人意，这引起了我的思考。当然，学生们在七年级需要学习的东西，是有难度的，像比率，小数，平行四边形的面积计算，但是这些概念是完全可以掌握的，我坚信我的每一位学生都可以学会教材内容，只要他们肯花时间和精力的话。After several more yea
5、rs of teaching, I came to the conclusion that what we need in education is a much better understanding of students and learning from a motivational perspective, from a psychological perspective. In education, the one thing we know how to measure best is I.Q., but what if doing well in school and in
6、life, depends on much more than your ability to learn quickly and easily? So I left classroom, and I went to graduate school to become a psychologist. I started studying kids and adults in all kinds of super challenging settings, and in every study my question was who is successful here and why. My
7、research team and I went to West Point Military Academy, we try to predict which cadets would stay in military training and which would drop out. We went to the National Spelling Bee, and tried to predict which children would advance farthest in competition. We studied rookie teachers in really toug
8、h neighborhoods, asking which teachers are still going to be here in teaching by the end of the school year. And of those, who will be the most effective at improving learning outcomes for their students. We partnered with private companies, asking which of these salespeople is going to keep their j
9、obs, and whos going to earn the most money?经过几年教学之后，我得出一个结论，我们在教育方面需要做的是从学习动力的角度和心理学的角度对学生和学习行为，进行一次更为深刻的理解。在教育系统中，我们都知道评价优秀学生的标准就是 IQ，但如果在学校和生活中的优秀表现远不仅仅依赖于你轻松高效的学习能力呢？所以我离开了讲台，回到学校继续心理学硕士学位。我开始研究，孩子和大人在各种具有挑战性的情况下以及在各项研究中，我的问题是谁才是成功者，为什么他们会成功？我和我的研究团队前往西点军校展开调研，我们试图预测哪些学员能够耐得住军队的训练，哪些会被淘汰出局。我们前去观摩
10、全国拼字比赛，同时也试着预测哪些孩子会晋级到最后的比赛。我们研究，在恶劣的环境下工作的，刚入行的老师，询问他们哪些老师会在学年结束后继续留下来任教。以及他们之中谁能最快地提高学生的学习成绩。我们与私企合作，向他们询问哪些销售人员可以保住工作，哪些赚钱更多？In all those very different contexts, one characteristic emerged, as a significant predictor of success, and it wasnt social intelligence, it wasnt good looks, physical hea
11、lth, and it wasnt I.Q., it was grit. Grit is passion and perseverance for very long-term goals. Grit is having stamina, grit is sticking with your future, day in, day out. Not just for the week, not just for the month, but for years and working really hard to make that future a reality. Grit is livi
12、ng life like its a marathon, not a sprint. A few years ago, I started studying grit in the Chicago public schools. I asked thousands of high school junior to take grit questionnaires, and then waited around more than a year to see who would graduate, turns out that grittier kids were significantly m
13、ore likely to graduate, even when I matched them on every characteristic I could measure, things like family incomes, standardized achievement test scores, even how safe kids felt when they were at school. So its not just at West Point or the National Spelling Bee that grit matters, its also in scho
14、ol, especially for kids at risk for dropping out. To me, the most shocking thing about grit is how little we know, how little science knows about building it.在所有那些不同的环境下，一种性格特征凸显了出来，这种特征很大程度上预示了成功，而且他并不是社交智力，不是漂亮的外表，强健的体魄，也不是很高的 I.Q.，它是毅力。毅力是对长远目标的激情和坚持，毅力是拥有持久的恒劲，毅力是你对未来的坚持，日复一日，不是仅仅持续一个星期或者一个月，而是几
15、年甚至几十年努力奋斗着，让自己的梦想变为现实。毅力把生活当成一场马拉松而不是一场短跑。几年前，在芝加哥的公立学校里开始研究毅力，我对上千名初中生进行了关于毅力的问卷调查，然后等候了一年多来看最终哪些学生能毕业结果证明那些更具毅力的学生在毕业的概率上占绝对优势，即使是在同样可以量化的外在因素下，像家庭收入，标准化成绩测验的分数，甚至是孩子们在学校能获得多少安全感之类，仍是有毅力的学生更容易毕业，所有不仅仅是在西点军校里或者全国拼字比赛上才需要毅力，在学校亦是如此，尤其是对于那些徘徊在辍学边缘的孩子们。对我来说，关于毅力最让我震惊的事情莫过于对于毅力，我们知之甚少，在培养毅力上，科学对理解的认识又
16、是何等贫乏。Every day, parents and teachers ask me “how do i build grit in kids?” What do I do to teach kids a solid work ethic, how do i keep them motivated for the long run? The honest answer is, I dont know. What I do know is that talent doesnt make you gritty. Our data show very clearly that there are
17、 many talented individuals who simply do not follow through on their commitments. In fact, in our data, grit is usually unrelated, or even inversely related to measure of talent. So far, the best idea Ive heard about building grit in kids is something called “growth mindset”. This is an idea develop
18、ed at Stanford University by Carol Dweck, and it is the belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can change with your effort , Dr. Dweck has shown that when kids read and learn about the brain and how it changes and grows in response to challenge, theyre much more likely to persevere w
19、hen they fail, because they dont believe that failure is a permanent condition. So growth mindset is a great idea for building grit, but we need more, and thats where Im going to end my remarks, because thats where we are, thats the work that stands before us.We need to take our best ideas, our stro
20、ngest intuitions, and we need to test them. We need to measure whether weve been successful, and we have to be willing to fail, to be wrong, to start over again with lessons learned. In other words, we need to be gritty about getting our kids grittier. Thank you!每天都有家长和老师来问我“我怎样做才能培养孩子的毅力呢”该做些什么才能教授
21、给孩子们真正的职业道德，我又该怎样调动他们长期的积极性呢？老实说，我不知道。我所知道的是，才华并不能使你坚韧不拔，我们的数据十分清楚的表明，有许多才华横溢的人，他们都无法坚持兑现自己的承诺。事实上，根据我们的数据来看，毅力通常与其他因素无关，甚至与才华的衡量标准背道而驰。到目前为止，我所听说过得在孩子身上培养坚忍品质最有效的方法，叫“成长型思维模式” 。斯坦福大学卡洛杜威克提出过一个观点，他相信人的学习能力是可变的，他随着你的努力程度而变化。杜威克教授表示，当孩子们阅读和学习有关大脑的知识，以及它在面对挑战时所发生的变化和成长情况，他们失败之后更容易坚持下去，因为他们不相信一直失败下去，因此，成长性思维模式对培养毅力大有裨益。但是我们需要更多，我决定在次结束我的评论，因为我们正在经历这一切，这是眼前所面临的工作，我们要拿出最好的想法和最强的直觉。我们要对他们进行实践，我们需要估量这一切是否成功，同时还要渴望面对失败和错误，要从这些失败中汲取教训经验重新再来，换句话说，我们只有自己变得更加有毅力才能让我们的孩子变得更有毅力，谢谢大家。
