1、Compounding,Morphology,Definition,Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.,Morpheme:,It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.,Types of morphemes:,Free morphemes:,Free morphemes are the morphemes which are free in
2、the sense that they are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves.,Bound morphemes:,Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently , but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.,Word Formation,Compounding, Blending, Back
3、formation, Shortening,Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound,A. According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways: 1) solid, such as bedtime 2)hyphenated, such
4、as above-mentioned 3) open, such as reading material,Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.old /friendsnew /friendspure /scientists,Semantically, compounds can often be identified as “ having a mean
5、ing which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts. A darkroom is not just a room that is dark, rather a room used for photographic processing.,1.Noun Compounds,In politics:a hot line: a telephone line for swift communication in emergencies between Moscow and Wa
6、shington. (热线),hard-liner: a person following an uncompromising or extreme policy,In economics:unit pricing: the pricing of a commodity expressed per unit of weight, volume,etc. (单价与兑价分标法)siege economics: extremely strict economical measures (极其严格的节约措施),In military fields:cruise missile: a low-flyin
7、g subsonic guided missile (巡航导弹)laser bomb: bomb guided by laser 激光导弹fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机),In science and technology:black hole: a hypothetical celestial region formed from a collapsed star. (黑洞),biological clock: inherent mechanism that regulates cyclic physiological process in a living organism.(生物钟)st
8、robe light: higher intensity flashing light频闪放电管,In social life:Identity crisis: a state of psychological confusion in ones personality. 个性危机group therapy: the treatment of a group of patients in regular sessions where problems are shared in group discussion: 小组疗法,encounter group: a group of people
9、who meet to develop understanding of others by honest exchange of feelings, opinions, etc.交朋友小组,shield law: a law that pretexts journalists from forced disclosure of confidential news sources. 新闻来源保障法,answering service: a commercial service that answers telephone calls for its clients. 营利性的代客接听电话的服务
10、处,demand scheduling: flight scheduling on the part an airline according to the specific demand of a passenger. 按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程.,silence vow: a vow to keep silence about something secret 保守秘密誓词,heartbeat: The heart beats.revolving door: the door that revolves,The analysis of the noun compound structure
11、s:,1. subject + predicate:,2. predicate + object:pickpocket: to pick the pockethousekeeping: to keep the house,3. Verb + adverbial:There are five kinds in this type:a) a prepositional phrase used as an adverbial,(a)The adverbial relation of place: diving board: diving from the board living room: liv
12、e in a room waiting room: wait in a room (b)The instrumental relation of an adverbial: sewing machine: sew with a machine walking stick: walk with a machine,4. subject + object:steamboat: The steam powersthe boat.honey bee: The bee produces honey,5. appositive:a peasant girl: a girl who is a peasant
13、,a: an off-the-cuff opinion临时想起的意见 b: round-the-clock discussion连续24小时的讨论会 c: on-the-spot observation,2. Compound Adjectives:,1) the compound adjectives coming from adverbials:,d: the ahead-of-schedule general election提前举行的大选 e: an off-camera announcer影屏外的播音员 f: the first on-scene attempt to detect
14、life on Mars实景考察,a: a back-up generator备用发电机 b: a stand-up collar竖领 c: a walk-in closet人可以走进去的大壁橱 d: a see-through shirt透明的衬衫,2) the compound adjectives coming from the phrasal verbs:,3) the compound adjectives coming from infinitive phrases:,a: take-home pay b: a cross-border raid c: a keep-fit cla
15、ss（保健班）,a: an easy-to-paint portraitb: a difficult-to-operatemachinec: hard-to-get-at volumes,4) compound adjectives coming from the compressed attributive clauses:,d: a cant-be-put-down booke: a never-to-be-forgotteneventf: his higher-than-averagewages,The women have outgrown the jumping-onto-the-c
16、hair-at -the-sight-of -a-mouse era.,1) The common way to form a compound verb is by means of back-formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixes:,3: Compound Verbs:,d: air-condition: from air-conditioning,a: mass-p
17、roduce: from mass production,b: window-dress: from window-dressing布置橱窗,c: proof-read: from proof-reader校对;校勘,e: edit: from editorf: automate; automationg: gloom: from goomyh: greed: from greedyI: to window-shop: from window-shopping: look at displays of goods in store windows without entering the st
18、ores to buy anything.,j: baby-sit: from baby-sitting: care for children, usually during a short absence of the parents.,2) A compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy:,a: chain-drink: from chain-smoke,b: bottle-feed: feed from a bottle, from breast-feed: feed from a mothers breast,From th
19、e stylistic point of view:1. usu. used as colloquialisms:e.g. a: Dont nit-pick with me.( find fault with me )b: He sweet-talked her into not being so sore.( coax by flattery ),2. usu. used in news reports:e.g. After leaving Washington he job-hopped, serving briefly as operating vice-president of the
20、 bank.(job-hop: change jobs frequently),hand-wash: to wash by handcold rinse: to rinse冲洗, 漂清in the cold water,3. in advertisements:,warm iron: to iron with moderate heat,Line dry （一晾就干）drip-dry（滴干；易快速晾干）,e.g.Leave all that out and remember only that Hugh Hefiner is a man who chain-drinks Pepsis.,Fro
21、m the viewpoint of communicative function and communicative value:,1) humorous:,2) terse精练的; 简明的:a: Cans are flash-cooked for six seconds rather than sterilised使无菌,消毒for 60 minutes.( flash-cook: to cook by a very short exposure to intense heat ),b: So far I have press-shown 18 films.( press-show: sh
22、ow to the press before public presentation ),e.g.He announced a series of surprise summit meetings that will have him jet-hopping from island to island.( jet-hop: travel from place to place by jetcraft ),3) vivid and impressive,Blending is a process of word formation by which a word is created by co
23、mbining parts of other words. Words formed in this way are called blend混合词. From morphological viewpoints, there are four types of blending:,Blending,botel: boat + hotel 汽艇游客旅馆 smaze: smoke + haze 烟霾 advertistics: advertising + statistics 广告统计学,1. The first part of the first word + the last part of
24、the second word:,autocide: automobile + suicide撞车自杀 altiport: altitude + airport高山短距起落机场 ballute: balloon + parachute 减速汽球 chunnel: channel + tunnel海峡隧道 lunacast: lunar + telecast登月电视广播,carbecue: car + barbecue一种用火烤法处理废弃车辆的熔车装置 jazzotheque: jazz + discotheque爵士音乐夜总会 lunarnaut: lunar + astronaut登月宇宙航
25、行员,2. the whole part of the first word + last part of the second word:,Nixonomics: Nixon + economics 尼克松的经济政策workfare : work + welfare工作福利,helipad: helicopter + pad直升飞机升降场 medicaid: medical + aid美国的医疗补助方案 medicare: medical + care 医疗照顾方案,3. the whole form of the second word + the first part of the fi
26、rst word:,Eurasian: Europe + Asian欧亚混血儿motown: motor + town 汽车城,psywar: psychological + warfare心理战 Amerind: American + Indian美洲印第安人 memcon: memorandum + conversation谈话记录,4. the first part of the first word + the first part of the second word:,sitcom: situation + comedy情景喜剧 comint: communications + i
27、ntelligence 通讯情报 humint: human + intelligence间谍情报 comsat: communications + satellite 通讯卫星,The words formed in this way are often regarded as nonce words临时用词. However , some words have been accepted into standard English such as brunch, smog, motel.,It seems in scientific fields, this process of word
28、 formation is especially useful in lexicalizing a scientific concept:telex: teleprinter + exchange用户直通电报pulsar: pulse + quasar 脉冲星,skylab: sky + laboratory空中实验室biorhythm: biological + rhythm 生理节奏mascon: mass + concentration质量密集,Some of the blends are especially effective in certain contexts:,e.g A l
29、ongtime Nixon backer, he assumes a dawk stance on the problem.dawk: dove + hawk 介乎鸽派和鹰派之间的中间人物,e.g. The whole area have been turned into one huge autopia.autopia: auto + utopia轿车适宜行驶的地区,BackformationBackformation is a process of word formation by which a word is formed by deleting the supposed affix
30、es:,1. From nouns a: peddle: from peddler b: burgle: from burglar c: beg: from beggar d: orate: from orator,e: auth: from author f: emote: from emotion g: caretake: from caretaker h: free-associate: from free-association i: enthuse: from enthusiasm,2. From adjectivesa: peeve: from peevish恼怒的 b: gloo
31、m: from gloomy c: frivol: from frivolous轻薄的 d: cose or coze: from cosy,e: laze: from lazyf: greed: from greedyg: grue: from gruesome可怕的,3. By dropping the supposed prefixa: flappable: from unflappable易惊慌的 b: ept: from inept 聪明能干的,Shortening ( Abbreviation ),1. Clipped words1) to clip the front part
32、of a word,a: phone: from telephone,b: varsity: from university,c: chute: from parachute,2) to clip the back part of a worda: ad: advertisementb: exam: examinationc: mod: modernd: pro: professional,e: demo: demonstrationf: exp.: expositiong: memo: memorandumh: lib: liberation,3) to clip both the fron
33、t and the back parts of a worda: flu: influenza b: tec: detective c: fridge: refrigerator,4） Phrase clippings:pub: public house pop-singer: popular song singer lube: lubricating oil,Initialises:Initialisms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters:,C.O.D: cash on del
34、iveryEEC: European Economic CommunityFBI: Federal Bureau of Investigatione.g.: exempli gratia: for example,Acronyms are words formed by the initial letters of words and pronounced as words:,Acronyms:,OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries,NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation,SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks,
