1、名 词,名词专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或事物或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词(Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Material Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)
2、,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。,Proper Nouns: 指人名、地名及某类人或事物专有的名称。Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans; English; May; New Years Day注意:专有名词的第一个字母要大写。,Common Nouns:一类人或事物或是一个抽象概念的名词1. Individual Nouns: 指作为个体而存在的人或事物可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments也可指抽象事物。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a drea
3、m,2. Collective Nouns: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; government; public,集体名词有时作单数看待,有时作复数看待。一般来说,视为整体时作单数看,突出它的成员时作复数看。,His family _ not large. (be),His family _ all music lovers. (be),在一些情况下,集体名词后单复数动词都可以用,没什么差别。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,is,ar
4、e,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg: The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg: The police are looking for him.,3. Material Nouns: 指无法分为个体的物质。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况:,1) 有些物
5、质名词可用作可数名词,表示“一份”、“一杯”、 “一种”。,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份),Three beers, please. (三杯),It was a special tea. (一种),2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg: rains (雨季)sands (沙滩) snows (积雪)waters(海域),4. Abstract Nouns :表示动作、状态、品质、情感等抽象概念,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; sile
6、nce; truth, etc.,多数情况下,这种名词常用作单数形式,不加任何冠词。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名词转化为可数名词。,抽象名词具体化具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,具体指特定的某一件事时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。(1)difficulty 困难;a difficulty 一件难事(2)experience 经验;an experience 一次经历(3)failure 失败;a failure 一位失败者,一件失败的事,(4)knowledge 知识;a good know
7、ledge 丰富的知识(5)success 成功;a success 一位成功者,一件成功的事(6)surprise 惊奇;a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事(7)honour 荣誉;an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。His new book was a great success.他的新书获得巨大成功。,名词的数 不可数名词(U) 一般情况下,不可数名词没有复数形式,前面不与不定冠词a(n)连用,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。 Milk is my favourite food. Water i
8、s very important to us all. 特殊情况: 1)如果不可数名词表示特指,则必须与定冠词(the)或其他限定词连用。 The milk in the cup was bad.,2) 当不可数名词表示个体时,必须使用单位名词(量词)。 a piece of advice / bread / chalk / news, etc. two bottles of ink / milk /wine, etc.,3)部分带有形容词修饰语的不可数名词可以用来表示“一种”,“一段”,“一类”等,常与不定冠词a(n)连用。 for a long time take a great inte
9、rest live a hard life make a fire下面不可数名词不可与不定冠词连用。advice weather knowledge homeworkprogress fun news houseworkinformation furniture traffic,4)有些名词的用法随意义变化而不同。 coffee(咖啡) a coffee(一杯咖啡) glass (玻璃) a glass (玻璃杯) man (人类) a man (男人) iron (铁) an iron (熨斗)room (空间) a room(房间) work (工作) a work(著作) paper (
10、报纸) a paper(报社)hair (头发) hairs(几根头发),)部分以-s结尾的专有名词指某一事物名称时常用作单数。 The United States is made up of 50 states. The United Nations has sent an official there. 但是, The Olympic Games are held every four years.,有些不可数名词后面加s时表示特殊意义,可数名词: 个体名词 (worker, pen, dog, etc.) 集体名词 (family, group, police, etc.)运用原则:适当
11、的冠词C或pl形式。 A horse is a kind of animals. The horse is a kind of animals. Horses run faster than donkeys.,有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词,规则1: 以-s结尾,仍为单数的名词多为学科名词,如:physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news。规则2: 表示一类事物总称的名词,常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”。如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage,
12、baggage, homework, evidence 。,规则3: 有些名词的单、复数形式表达不同的意思。如:chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡;fish鱼(尾数),鱼肉 / fishes 各种鱼;paper 纸 / papers试卷;water水/ waters水域;room空间/ rooms房间;time 时间/times时代;arm手臂/ arms武器等。,规则4: 有些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义。如:people, police, cattle ,staff , public , the adj., the 分词(表示一类人) 。规则5:对于集体名词,当它表示一
13、个整体时,视作单数;当它侧重各个成员时,视作复数。规则6: 有些名词单复数同形。如:fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works。,规则7: 由连字符构成的复合名词的“数”,一是合成名词的复数形式通常只将其中的主体名词变成复数。如:lookerson 参观者,sonsinlaw 女婿,editorsinchief主编,shoemakers 鞋匠。二是如果没有主体名词,在最后一个词上加复数(词尾)。如:gobetweens 中间人,grownups 成人,followu
14、ps 续集,goodfornothings 饭桶。三是man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,定语和被修饰词都变成复数。如:men workers,women teachers,gentlemen officials。,规则8:不规则名词的“数”: 常用改变元音字母或词尾加en等方法构成。如: woman women, child children, ox oxen, tooth teeth, goose geese, foot feet, mouse mice, phenomenon phenomena, analysis analyses。规则9:专有名词的“数”:在姓氏名词
15、上加“s”变成复数。如:史密斯一家人the Smiths。,规则10:有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“一种,一杯/罐/瓶”等数量意义时,可用作可数名词。抽象名词表示具体或特定事物时,可具体化,其前面须有不定冠词。如:a pleasure / pity / surprise / success / failure / shame, an honor /a bright future / a strong character / a great help / a waste of time。,几个名词的特殊用法,hair_. (他的头发是白的。)_. (他有几根白的头发。),His hair is
16、 white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grapes and other fruits.,policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen pencilsthree _ them / these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of people,dozen of,wor
17、d(消息,通知), man(人类),前面不加冠词,也不用复数形式,谓语用单数。,名词所有格 规则1:英语中表示有生命名词的所有格时,在词尾加“s”。如:the boys bag,mens room。此外,表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等无生命名词的所有格也可在词尾加“s”来表示所有关系,意为:“的”。如:a twenty minutes walk, ten miles journey,two pounds weight, ten dollars worth。规则2:若名词已有复数词尾s,只加“ ”,如:the workers struggle。,规则3:of 属格:无生命名词的所
18、有格则通常用of结构。如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。规则4:如果两个名词并列,若分别有加“s”,则表示“分别有”;若只有后一个名词加“s”,则表示两个“共有”。如:Johns and Marys rooms(两间);John and Marys room(一间) 。,规则5:省略格:在表示店铺或教堂、诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词。如:在诊所at the doctors;在我姐家at my sisters 。规则6
19、:双重格:of 名词“s”结构。如 a friend of my fathers, works of Lu Xuns。,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake.She was at her wits end.Now they could sing at their hearts content.We should get the children out of harms way.We had best keep them at arms length.F
20、or goodness sake, stop arguing.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊),(黔驴技穷),(尽情地),(不受损害),(保持距离),(看在上帝的份上),(很合算),名词在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等。名词作定语时,需注意:an enemy soldier several _ a boy student three _ a man teacher three _ a woman doctor three _ _,名词在句子中的作用,enemy soldiers,boy students,men teachers,women doctors,a shoe store,用名词作定语和用形容词作定语的比较:,heart trouble snow mountain hearty welcome snowy table-cloth rain drops stone house rainy season stony heart rose garden rosy face gold ring golden sunshine/times/age/wedding,