1、第十节 定语从句I.定语从句考点和知识要点：1. 定语从句五大概念 概念一、什么是定语从句？在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。在定语从句中，被修饰的这一名词或代词叫做先行词。在定语从句中的引导词叫做关系词。关系词又分关系代词和关系副词。 概念二、关系词有哪些？1、关系代词：which（指 sth 作主语或宾语） ，that （指 sb 或 sth 作主语或宾语） ，who（指 sb 作主语或宾语） ，whom（指 sb 作宾语） ，whose（指 sb 或 sth，作定语）,as（指sb,sth 作主语或宾语）; 注意: 做宾语的时候， 关系代词可以省略。2、关系副词：when
2、（指时间 on which） ，where （指地点 at which） ，why （指原因 for which）概念三、关系词通常有下列三个作用？1.引导定语从句 2.代替先行词； 3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。 Eg. The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.概念四、关系代词和关系副词有何区别及方法？主要是它们在从句中所起的作用不同。关系代词在从句中一般作主语或宾语。而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。Focus in： 方法一：句子成份法：关系代词在句中充当主语、宾语；关系副词在从句中作状语。 方法二：句子完整法：关
3、系代词引导的定语从句不完整；关系副词引导的定语从句是完整的。I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 概念五、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别A. 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号“， ”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。B.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语“ 的” 通常译成
4、主句的并列句。在非限制性定语从句中，通常用 who, whom, whose 指人，用 which 指物 。Eg. Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college.她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学.（意含：她还有其他哥哥。 ）Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college.她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。 （意含： 她只有一个哥哥。 ）2. 定语从句五大考点一、 先行词为人时引导词 who 和 th
5、at a. 用 who 不用 that 的情况：(1)当先行词为 one, ones, anyone, those 时。(2) 当先行词为人称代词时。He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.Those who have any difficulty with pronunciation should practice more.b. 用 that 不用 who 的情况：1)当主句已经出现 who 时。2)关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。Who is the man that spoke to you just now?Mary
6、 is no longer the girl that she used to be.【专四真题】He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _B_ he was twenty years ago. 2003A. which B. that C. who D. whom译文：多年的辛苦工作使他疲惫不堪，他不再是 20 年前的那个他了。分析：在本句中，the man 是先行词，在定语从句中充当表语，即完整的定语从句应该是he was the man twenty years ago。根据关系代词在定语从句中充当表
7、语时只能用 that 的语法原则，答案选 B。二、 先行词为物时引导词 that 和 which a.只用 that 不用 which 的情况：(1)先行词为 much, little, few, nothing, none, anything, no, all 等不定代词 （2）先行词既有人又有物。（3）先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰。（4）先行词被 the very, the only, the last, just, every, no 等修饰（5）关系代词在从句中作表语(6) 在疑问词 who、which 、what 开头的句子中(7) 主句是 there be 句型：This i
8、s one of the best films that I have ever seen.China is no longer the country that it used to be.All that can be done has been done.He spoke of the things and persons that he had seen abroad.This is the very book that I am looking for.Who is the man that is talking to Jim?There is a man that lives in
9、 that village.【专四真题】I was very interested in _A_ she told me. 2009A. all that B. all which C. all what D. That译文：我对她告知我的一切都很感兴趣。分析：本句中 all 为名词，做介词 in 的宾语，同时做定语从句中 tell 的直接宾语，相当于tell sb. sth.的语法结构。根据先行词为不定代词 all，定语从句关系词用 that 的原则选 A。b.只能用 which 不用 that 的情况: 1.介词后面 2.逗号后面1. 定语从句中的介词前置时关系代词只能用 which 2.
10、 引导非限制性定语从句时只能用 which, 其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分. (1) The machine, which I have looked after for many year, is still working perfectly.(2)My glasses, without which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.【专四真题】They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead
11、 of time, _A_is something we had not expected. 2003A. which B. it C. that D. what译文：他们克服了所有的困难并提前两个月完成了这个项目，这个我们分析：本句考查的是非限定性定语从句，当先行词代替整个主句时只用 which 替代。三、介词+关系代词 (which/ whom)* 关系代词前介词的确定方法：1. 定语从句的动词与先行词的逻辑关系，或者从句的动词、形容词的习惯性搭配。Eg. The farm on which I once worked has taken on a new lookWho is the m
12、an with whom our teacher is shaking hands?Ours is a beautiful country, of which we are greatly proud.【专四真题】 Ive never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _A_. 1999A. Id most like to visit B. which I like to visit mostly C. where I like to visit D. Id like much to visit译文：我从未去过拉萨，但那是我很想去的一个城市。分析：引导定语从句
13、的 that 如果在从句中做定语，可以省略，因此 A 为正确选项。B 选项中的 mostly 表示“大部分，主要”的意思，应改为 most。C 选项 where 不作关系代词引导宾语从句。D 选项中 much 的位置不对，应该说 Id much like to visit. 2.非限制性定语从句中，表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词 + of + 关系代词”的结构，e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.3. Whose 从句可转换为“ of + 关系代词”型，who
14、se 的先行词指物时, 可用 of which 代替, 但词序不同， 即 whose+n=the +n + of which =of which + the + n.e.g. They live in a house, whose door opens to the south.They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.of which the door open to the south.【专四真题】 Above the trees are the hills, _C_ magnificence the river
15、faithfully reflects on the surface. 2003A. where B. of whose C. whose D. which译文：树的后面有小山, 它的壮丽景色在河面上真实地反射出来.分析:C, 首先,whose 的词性是形容词,相当于 the hills,所以它后面必须跟名字或者其他的词。第二,这句话整体是一个非限制性定语从句,它后面所接的 whose 从句是修饰 the hills 的,而 magnificence 是 reflects 的宾语,同时它也是 whose 所修饰的词。这个从句可以还原成 the river faithfully reflects
16、 （whose=the hills） magnificence on the surface.作为一个整体的whose magnificence 应该提前。所以答案选 C。四、关系副词的运用 先行词为 “时间的名词” 用 when：time（day, night, morning, week, month, year 等）whenEg. I dont remember the day when he left.(on which) 先行词为“表示地点的名词” where：place （ case, point, situation, condition, scene, stage, count
17、ry, room, house, hotel, museum, school, street 等）whereEg. That is the house where he lived two years ago. (In which) 先行词为“表示原因的名词”why：reasonwhy （表示原因的名词只有一个）Thats the reason why I helped him.（why =for which）五、 as 与 which 引导的定语从句两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，as 放在句首句中都可以，which 必需放在句中，但下列情况多用 as。1. 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e
18、.g. As we all know, the earth is round.2. 当与 such , as 或 the same 连用时，一般用 as。e.g. Thats the same tool as I used last week. I am not so strong a man as I was.我已经没有从前那么强壮了。3. 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用 which。Eg. Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.3. 定语从句三大区别：1
19、. the same. as 和 the same .that 的用法辨异.Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同类事物）Thats the same tool that I used last week. 那就是我上周用过的工具。 （指原物）2. 定语从句与强调句型的区别 判断是否是强调结构的方法是采用删除法分析：强调句句型：It is/was +被强调的成份+that/who +其它部分去掉 It is/was.that/who ,句子照样成立。It is on the morning of May 1st _that_ I met Liang
20、 Wei at the airport It is the factory _where_ Mr Wang works 3、定语从句与习惯句型的区别It is the first time _that_ she has been in Shanghai（It iswas the firstsecond /time that 从句）It was the time _when_ Chinese people had a hard lifeII. 定语从句历年专四考试真题1. My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not
21、the man _ he was fifteen years ago. 2011A. which B. whom C. who D. that2. I was very interested in _ she told me. 2009A. all that B. all which C. all what D. that3. Above the trees are the hills, _ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. 2003A. where B. of whose C. whose D. which4
22、. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _is something we had not expected. 2003 A. which B. it C. that D. what5. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _ he was twenty years ago. 2003A. which B. that C. who D. whom6. Weve just
23、 installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, _should make great differences in our life next summer. 2002A. which B. what C. that D. they7. Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff _ is needed for quality control can be substantially reduced. 2000A. whose B. as C. what D. th
24、at8. Ive never been to Lhasa, but thats the city _. 1999A. Id most like to visit B. which I like to visit mostly C. where I like to visit D. Id like much to visit9. She remembered several occasions in the past _she had experienced a similar feeling. 1998A. which B. before C. that D. when10. The phys
25、icist has made a discovery, _of great importance to the progress of science and technology. 1997A. I think which is B. that I think is C. which I think is D. I think that is11. I have never been to London, but that is the city_. 1997A. where I like to visit most B. Id most like to visitC. which I li
26、ke to visit mostly D. where Id like most to visit12. This company has now introduced a policy _pay rises have related to performance at work. 1996A. which B. where C. whether D. what13. Only take these clothes _really necessary. 1994A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are14. _is often th
27、e case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals. 1994A. That B. It C. This D. AsIII. 定语从句相关练习题1. Last Sunday they reached Qingdao, a conference was to be held.A. which B. that C. when D. where2. Is this the museum you visited the other day?A
28、. that B. where C. in which D. the one3. I began to work in Beijing in the year New China was founded.A. when B. that C. which D. where4. This was the supermarket I bought this kind of tin.A. where B. that C. who D. which5. The house the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.A. that B. where C
29、. what D. when6. Thats the hotel last year.A. which we stayed B. at that we stayedC. where we stayed at D. where we stayed7. The place you are standing used to be an old church.A. which B. where C. that D. when8. Do you remember the day your sister was graduated as a Master of Arts? A. which B. in w
30、hich C. about which D. on which9. We all remember the days we studied together at school.A. which B. that C. when D. where10. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, of course, _ made the others unhappy. A. which B. who C. this D. what11. After living in Paris for fifty years he
31、returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. when C. that D. where12. Please take any seat _ is free.A. which B. where C. in which D. that13. The old man has two sons, _ is a soldier.A. one of whom B. both of them C. all of whom D. none of them14. This is the ship _ we crossed the
32、Pacific(太平洋).A. by which B. by that C. where D. in which15. New York is famous for its sky-scrapers(摩天大楼)_ has more than 100 storeys.A. the higher of them B. the highest of whichC. the highest of them D. some of which16. My home village is no longer the same _ it used to be.A. which B. as C. where D
33、. when17. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., _ many people have gone home.A. whose time B. that C. at which D. by which time18. The boy _ composition won the first prize is the youngest in the group.A. who B. whose C. that D. which19. The weather turned out to be very goo
34、d, _ was more than we could expect.A. what B. which C. that D. it20. Mr. Wang is a boss, _ factory Li Ping worked.A. in whose B. whose C. in whom D. of which21. I shall never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers, _has a good effect on my life.A. that, which B. when, which C. wh
35、ich, that D. when, who22. _ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A. What B. That C. As D. It23. Is this book _ you want to borrow from the library?A. that B. which C. the one D. /24. Such a book _ you showed me is difficult to understand.A. that B. w
36、hich C. as D. like25. The speaker spoke of some writers and some books _ were popular then.A. / B. that C. which D. who26. This is the store _ we visited the famous shop assistants.A. where B. there C. that D. which27. If a shop has chairs _ women can park their men, women will spend more time in th
37、e shop.A. that B. which C. when D. where28.Why does she always ask you for help?- There is no one else _, is there?A. who to turn to B. she can turn toC. for whom to turn D. for her to turn29. The place _ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.A. which
38、; where B. at which; whichC. at which; where D. which; in which30. China Daily attracts a worldwide readership, _ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. A. who B. whom C. that D. which31. The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his empl
39、oyees enjoy their work. A. where B. which C. when D. who32. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent. A. which B. where C. whom D. when33. He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _were published in the 1990s. A. whom B. whic
40、h C. them D. that34. Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _ school education depends.A. it B. that C. whose D. which 35. He is such a good teacher _ we all love and respect.A. as B. that C. which D. what36. The way _ he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand
41、. A. that B. / C. in which D. all above第十一节 状语从句I. 状语从句考点和知识要点：1. 定语从句概念：如果一个从句用作状语，功能相当于副词并修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，那么该从句就是状语从句（Adverbial Clause）。英语中的状语从句有九大类，分别可以表示：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、比较、方式。从本质上讲，状语从句就是用不同的连接词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间特定的逻辑关系。2. 九大考点：考点 1：时间状语从句 Adverbial Clause of Time1) 连词：when, while, as, before
42、, after, and until表示“一就” 的连词有：a. as soon as, once, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly. 这些连词的用法和句式结构是一样的，主从句时态一般一致。It began to rain the moment I arrived home.b. Hardly/ Scarelywhen, no soonerthan 主句多用过去完成时，且常倒装，从句用一般过去时。它与 as soon as 等的从句、主句互换。No sooner had I arrive
43、d home than it began to rain.Hardly/ Scarcely had I arrived home when it began to rain.2) 名词短语：next time, by the time, every time, each time, the day, the week, etc.The day he returned, his father was already died.3）till/until 引导的时间状语从句a. 当主句谓语动词是延续动词时,通常用肯定形式;若主句谓语动词是短暂动词,则用否定形式 “notuntil”e.g. Well
44、 stay here till it stops raining.Well not leave until it stops raining.b. “not.until.”有四种不同句式：A. 正常结构： The little boy didnt smile until he saw his mother. The exact time of dying was not of great importance until recently.B. until 置于句首： Until he saw his mother, the little boy didnt smile. Until rece
45、ntly the exact time of dying was not of great importance.【专四真题】She remembered several occasions in the past _she had experienced a similar feeling. A. which B. before C. that D. when译文: 她记得过去有好几次她都有过相似的感受。分析：D, 本句空格后的从句为 she had experienced a similar feeling，其中主谓宾都已经具备，因此选引导时间状语的连词 when，故 D 为正确答案。而
46、that 和 which 引导定语从句，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，故不选；before 的时间顺序不对，因为主句的时态是一般过去时，从句却是过去完成时。 考点 2：地点状语从句 Adverbial Clauses of Place1）通常用 where 引导，并且一般放在主句后边A driver should slow down where there are schools.2). 也可由 wherever, anywhere, 和 everywhere 引导地点状语从句。Wherever you are, I will miss you.3). 考点聚焦：地点状语从句和 where 定语从
47、句的区别：Tips: 判断是定语从句还是地点状语从句，要看从句前是否有先行词，有先行词的是定语从句，否则是状语从句。We then moved to Paris, where we lived for six years. (定语从句 )Put in articles where it is necessary in the following passages. (状语从句)考点 3：条件状语从句 Adverbial Clause of Condition1). 条件从句常用引导词：if such a nice day; so expensive a house; so nice a dayc. 限定词 + such + n. many such dogs, much such attention; few such cars d. no, other, some, any, one (two, three)可用在 such 前面作限定词 II. 状语从句历年真题
