1、上海中考英语阅读技巧一、常见题型及解题技巧根据历年来全国各地中考阅读理解题型的分析,将阅读理解题大致归纳为以下四类:(一)细节理解题一般针对某个特定的细节而提供,难度较小,属表层信息理解,考生通读短文后可直接找出答案依据。解题技巧:通读短文,领会文章大意,理解文章结构层次及细节,特别注意:1. 五个 W (who , which , when , where , what )和一个 H ( how ) ;2. 数字、*期、时间等;3. 注意加强语气的词。然后运用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项,剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。(二)词句理解题此题要求考生正确理解短文中的一些关键词语或句子的含义,常用
2、的方法是多种表达法、一词多义法、同义近义或反义提示法、习语释文法及句型转换法等。解题技巧:1. 正确理解题意,从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子,根据特定的语境来判断理解,推敲斟酌和最后确定其准确含义。2. 根据上下文猜测词义的技巧:(1)注意定义和解释;(2)同义词或近义词的提示;(3)近义词和反义词的提示;(4)利用悬念的属种关系;(5)借助已有知识或生活常识。 (三)推理判断题 通过字里行间的阅读,作合理的推断。解题技巧:1. 分析文章的主旨。2. 分清文章的主要思想及次要思想。3. 寻找文章的逻辑思路。4. 核对问题中各项选择与文章中有关词句的联系。(四)归纳概括题此题主要针对文章的主题
3、、中心思想、文章的结构层次(主题句或主题段),要求学生在理解全文后归纳短文要点,概括中心思路。解题技巧:通读全文,了解大意,灵活运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等方法,准确理解文章的话题和中心思想。有时还要求对作者叙述的意图和观点作进一步剖析,甚至推测作者的语气和态度等。一般说来,文章的段落常有概括中心思想的主题句,且多位于段首或段末,有时也会夹在中间。对无主题句的篇章,考生应对文章进行分析和归纳,然后概括中心思想。二、答题步骤1. 先看问题,再读文章。带着问题阅读短文,确定主攻方向,特别要注意首尾段和首尾句,把握文章的主题,摘取有用的材料。2.细读全文,认真分析与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落,特别留
4、心一些关键信息词。3. 复读全文,验证答案。在选出全部答案后,应将答案带入问题中重读全文,看前后意思是否连贯,有无矛盾,若前后不一致或意思矛盾,则要考虑重选答案。中考常见题型、命题原则及答题策略我省中考阅读测试一般包括 5 篇文章的阅读,分 A)、B)两个部分, A)部分是四选一,共有四篇文章,B)部分是根据文章回答问题。从问题设置上可以将问题总结为四种类型: 一、细节理解性问题 一般针对某个特定细节而提出,难度较小,属浅层理解,通读短文后一般能直接找出答题依据。细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种:(1) Which of the following is NOT true according t
5、o the information in the passage?(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?(3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?(4) The author mentions all of the following except . . .(5) The reason for . . .is . . .(6) The author states that . . .(7) According to the passage,
6、when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) 解题技巧:1、通读全文,领悟大意,理解文章结构层次及细节,特别注意以下几个方面: 五个 W(Who, where, when, which)和一个 H(how)以及其他特殊之处; 数字、日期、时间等; 同位语、破折号、括号、省略号等; 表示附加说明的词,如: by the way, besides, whats more, in addition to, including to, as well as 等。 倒装句及加强语气的词,如 above all, mainly, mostly, certainly, indeed
7、等。 2 选用排除法排除不符合原文细节的选项,剩下的就是要选择的最佳答案。Example :72. How many factors are mentioned that may contribute to the good health of these long-lived people?A. Two B. Three C. Four D. Five本题是考核学生根据止下文全面理解和进行正确判断的能力,问的是本文论述导致这些老人长寿的几个主要因素。考生审题时,应注意以下几点:(1)、问到 who, what, which, when,where ,how ,why 等的问题时,往往有 ac
8、cording to the author(passage)这样的限制语。回答时,一定要以文章所谈到的内容为依据,而不要凭自己的观点或经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。(2)、如果问的内容是由数字表示的事实或细节,时间、价格、次数等要经过计算才能回答,不要轻易从文中直接给出数字,以免理解错误。(3)、如果问题中含有否定意义的词语,如有 not,except (for),least, never 等,要特别留心,不要理解错了,而选择相反的答案。(4)、要准确把握指代关系,阅读时我们常常遇到一些代词,如 it, its, they, them, their, this, that, these, t
9、hose, one, ones 等,用来代替上文提到的人、事或物。对其指代关系的理解往往是至关重要的。 二、语句理解题 要求正确理解短文中一些关健词、短语或句子的含义。常用的手段是利用多种表达法、词的多义性、同近义语替换、习语释义、句型或语态转换等。解题技巧:1 透彻理解题意,从短文中找到相关的词、短语或句子,根据特定的语境判断理解,推敲斟酌,最后确定含义。 2 要熟悉常见的设问形式: 1) The underlined word in the paragraph refers to /means _.2) What does “_” in paragraph stand for /mean?
10、3) “_” could best be replaced by which of the following?4) The expression /phrase “_” means _.5) The word “_” is closest in meaning to _.Examples:Another factor(因素) that may contribute to(促使) the good health of these people is their isolation. Most of them are kept off the modern world.74. What does
11、 the word “isolation” means in Chinese?A. 自我封闭 B、与世隔绝 C、独立 D、淡泊 通过通读文章,从后面句子可以推断出这个单词的汉语意思是 B。猜测词义的技巧:1)上下文间意义的联系;2)同义关系,反义关系;3)词的定义;4)对词的解释和举例; 5)构词法知识猜测词义。 点晴:Words, like people, are frequently known by the company they keep. A words context or surroundings, can provide clues to meaning.三、推理判断题 主要
12、对短文的结论、隐含意义(寓意) 、作者的倾向、文章的论调、写作的思路及目的等进行考查,纵观全文,在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上,严格按照短文陈述的观点或描述事实,进行正确的、合乎逻辑的推论和引申,包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的动机和性格特征、作者的倾向态度、语言中的语态和语气等。有时还可能会假设一种情况要求考生对原文中没有提及情况进行推理和想象,对题目中提出各种可能性进行推敲,从而选出符合原文信息或作者意图的最佳答案。解题技巧:1、读懂原文,抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落,透彻理解文章内容注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系, 并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识,仔细斟酌,作出准确的推断和引申。2、熟
13、悉常用的设问方式:1) We can infer /conclude from the passage that _.2) It can be inferred /concluded (from the passage) that _.3) The passage /story /author /paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _.4) The author strongly suggests that_ _.5) What do you think would happen (to) at the end of the
14、story?四、 归纳概括题 此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次(主题句或题段) 、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面,要求考生在准确理解全文后,归纳短文要点、概括中心思想,也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。 解题技巧:领会全文大意,灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理 等逻辑方法,真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。一般而言,英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概括,通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上;不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题,特点是新闻报道,第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph),这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想,但也要注意,不少文章的
15、中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中;主题段通常在文章简要概括文章中心思想,而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头,也有可能在段中或段末。这类题常见的命题方式有:(1)What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ?(2)What does this passage mainly talk about ?(3)The main theme of this passage is _.(4) The main point of the passage is_.(5) Which of the following is the best tit
16、le for the passage ?(6) The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _.(7) The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _.(8) Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?1、关于主题型 找中心(Main Idea)Example 1:68.These two passages are _.(07 中考 第 68 小题,阅读理解 A 篇)A. diaries
17、 B. reports C. news D. ads本题问及文章的体裁。通过快读(skimming )我们知道这是一篇有两段关于宾馆和前往美国的飞机航线的文章,根据所述内容和格式,可以知道 D 是正确答案。2、关于标题型 为文章选择标题(Title)Example :75.What would the best title for the passage?A. Good Health B. The Old People in the MountainsC. Long-lived People D. The Secret of Long Life本题是给文章选标题,实际上也是问及全篇的主旨。3、
18、关于目的型 推断作者的写作意图(Purpose )类似:The authors purpose in writing this passage is to_.这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子,而且要能够根据作者思路的展开,把握作者在整篇文章中的观点,因此,必须看懂全篇文章的意思答题的基本步骤1. 先看问题,再读文章:带着问题阅读短文,确定主攻方向,特别要注意首尾段和首尾句,把握文章的主题和用户服务,摘取有用的材料,舍弃无关的信息,有的放矢,高效省时。2. 细读全文,认真推敲:针对题目的要求,细心阅读与试题有的词汇、句子或段落,要特别留心一些信息词,它们既是检查的重点,也是把握全文意思的突破
19、口。因此必须准确判断,仔细斟酌,以便选出最佳答案。3. 复读全文,验证答案:在选出全部答案后,应将答案带入问题中重读全文,看前后意思是否贯通,有无矛盾,若前后不一致或意思矛盾,则要考虑重选答案。1、 抓细节、做记号。了解文章主旨后应该细读文章,并且边读边用铅笔做些记号,例如把人物、时间、地点等圈出来,看完再回头找时便一目了然了。对于难一点的题目,要回头再查阅短文,在文中划出依据。中考连接(2014)Reading Sally: an animal doctorWhats the worst thing thats ever happened in your job? Probably the
20、dog that bit me. It wasnt a big one - I dont mind the big ones. The small ones are the worst. It gave me a very nasty bite. Have you ever done any other jobs?Yes, I did different kinds of jobs when I was a student. One summer I did fruit-picking in Spain.Whats the worst job youve ever done?In order
21、to improve my English, I worked for a rich family in New York. I never had a day off and I had to do everything cooking, cleaning, shopping- and look after their horrible children. I left after two weeks and managed to get a job as a waitress in an Italian restaurant.Leo: an actorWhats the worst thi
22、ng thats ever happened in your job?So many bad things have happened-but I think my worst moment was when I read my first bad review in the newspaper. They wrote terrible things about me, and I was so upset. After that I didnt read my reviews any more.Have you ever done any other jobs?Oh yes, its har
23、d to make a living as an actor. So Ive done lots of part-time jobs over the years. For example, Ive worked in a shop, sold ice cream at the beach and handed out publicity flyers in the street.Whats the worst job youve ever done?The worst job Ive ever done was at an egg-packing factory. Working condi
24、tions are terrible-you stand for hours at the end of a belt, putting eggs into boxes. You cant have a break, and if you want to go to the toilet, you have to ask for permission. And worst of all, the smell was terrible- Ive never eaten an egg since then.54. The underlined word “one” refers to “_”.A)
25、dog B) bite C) event D) job55. Sally has done the following jobs EXCEPT _.A)picking fruit in SpainB)working for a rich familyC)looking after sick animalsD)cooking in an Italian restaurant56. After reading his first bad review in the newspaper, Leo _.A) wrote more reviews B) replied to every reviewC)
26、 gave up his job as an actor D) stopped reading any of his reviews72. What does Leo think of being an actor?A) Its hard to make a living. B) Its helpful to read his reviews.C) Its easy to make lots of money. D) Its fun to have different experiences.73. What did Leo hate most when working at an egg-p
27、acking factory?A)No breaks. B) Standing for too long.C)The bad smell. D) Putting eggs into boxes.74. The best title of the passage might be _. A) An Animal Doctor B) Terrible Job ExperiencesC) How to Find a Part-time Job D) Reviews of Sally and Leo69. A 70. D 71. D 72. A 73. C 74. B解析:做阅读理解题,先浏览题目,抓住关键词,然后从文中搜索相关信息,判断正确选项,题目顺序设置与文章叙述一致。69.细节推断。前一句写了 dog,选 A70.细节推断,事实推断题找到 Sally 所有做的工作,排除 D71 细节推断。找到 Leo 的 After reading his first bad review ,推断 D72 细节推断。找到 make a living as an actor,可知 A73 细节推断。找到 working at an egg-packing factory,据描述选 C74 概括大意。两人的工作经历。选 B