1、1单词Lesson 1Gear 齿轮, 传动装置Bearing 轴承Cams 凸轮Cams and followers 凸轮和从动件Couple 力偶mechanics 力学statics 静力学，静止状态dynamics 动力学，原动力，动力特性constraint forces 约束力applied forces 作用力Electric , magnetic, and gravitational forces 电,磁,重力mating surface 啮合表面,配合表面 ,接触面meshing 啮合，咬合，钩住meshing teeth 啮合齿journal bearing 滑动轴承，向心
2、滑动轴承metal-to-metal contact 金属 - 金属接触Overheating 过热failure 失效flaking 薄片，表面剥落，压碎Spall 削，割，剥落，脱皮noise 噪音rough motion 运动不精确inertia 惯性particle 质点rigid body 刚体deformable 可变形的，应变的deformable Body 变形体Scalar 数量的，标量的Vectors 矢量Density 密度Mass 质量Displacement 位移Velocity 速度Acceleration 加速度Moment 力矩，弯矩Momentum 动量，冲量
3、Lesson 2Compressive 压缩的，有压力的Turning 车削Rectilinear 直线的micrometer 千分尺又称螺旋测微器Power hacksaws 弓锯床Shaper 牛头刨床Thread 螺纹Work：功muscular action 肌肉动作mechanical motion 机械运动stretch an object 拉伸对象tensile force：拉力in tension：受拉compressive force：压力torsional force：扭力 torque：扭矩shearing force ：剪切力twist an object 扭曲对象Sl
4、ide 滑，脱落Slip 滑动，滑移in compression 受压turning of a part 对一个零件进行车削加工wedging action:楔入作用chip ：切屑centers of the lathe 车床的顶尖lathe dog 车床夹头centrifugal force ：离心力grinding wheel ：磨削砂轮bonding agent ：粘合剂abrasive particle：磨料颗粒centrifuge-type machines 离心式机械Centrifuge 离心机，离心作用Centrifugal force principles 离心力原理cent
5、ripetal force ：向心力rotary motion:回转运动rectilinear motion：直线运动hand tool 手工工具power tool 动力工具feed：进给shaping：采用牛头刨床（shaper)进行刨削加工power saw：弓锯床，弓式锯床the screw of a micrometer 意为“千分尺中的螺杆”harmonic and intermittent motion ：谐和运动和间歇运动simple harmonic motion ：简谐运动return stroke：快速回程shaper ram：刨床滑枕Pulley 滑轮Screw 螺丝钉
6、Belt 带Link 链2Lesson 3Interactive 互相作用的Iterative 重复的, 反复的, 迭代的Pinpoint 精确地定位或确认Equilibrium 平衡，均衡Tractable 易于处理或操作的Order of magnitude 数量级Ideally 理想的情况下so as to 为了with any precision 很少精确idealize 理想化idealization 理想化strength of materials 材料力学Dynamics 动力学Approximations 近似值be inherent in 为、所固有，是、的固有性质Rende
7、r 提出，给予，描绘degrading the result 使结果降级pertinent 有关prohibitive 令人望而却步Influx 流入，注入，涌进，汇集Lesson 5Sprocket 链轮snap ring 卡环Universal joints 万向联轴器Self-aligning bearing 调心轴承，球面轴承, 自位轴承Dry ice 干冰Shot-peening 喷丸硬化处理Pin 销Key 键Spline 花键Couplings 联轴器nondriving wheel 非驱动轮idler gear 空转齿轮，换向齿轮be subjected to 承受Fluctu
8、ate 变动，波动，起伏alternating bending stress 交变弯曲应力deflections 挠度lateral shaft deflection 横向轴的挠度angular deflection 角偏转non-self- aligning bearings 非自调心轴承Torsional deflection 扭转变形critical speed 临界速度Attachment of the hub 毂的附件Keyway 键槽Axial 轴向Circumferential 圆周方向Positioning 定位Retaining 固定retaining ring 定位环hub
9、-to-shaft attachments 轮毂与轴之间的连接interference fit 过盈配合hub bore 毂孔bending moment 弯矩cold-rolling 冷轧relative slope 相对倾斜Journal 轴颈plain bearing 滑动轴承Lesson 6Clutch 离合器Brake 制动器Friction 摩擦Chain 链，链条Timing belt 同步带Belt drive 带传动coefficient of friction 摩擦系数rayon 人造纤维timing belt 同步带V-belt drive V 带传动Foregoing
10、在前的，前述的fatigue life 疲劳寿命power transmitted 电力传输rotatable shaft 可以转动的轴，从动轴rotating shaft 转动轴，主动轴input shaft 输入轴output shaft 输出轴unloaded state 空载状态Rotor 转子rotational inertia 转动惯量torque capacity 扭矩容量kinetic and potential energy 动能和势能provision 规定thermal capacity 热容量thermal stress 热应力thermal distortion 热变
11、形rubbing velocity 摩擦速度Lining 内衬，衬套empirical value 经验值Chain drives 链传动3gear drives 齿轮传动speed ratio 速比shaft separation distance 轴间隔距离arbitrary center distance 任意的中心距positive (no slip) drive 强制(无滑动)传动synchronized motion 同步运动conveyor systems, farm machinery, textile machinery 传送带系统，农用机械，纺织机械chain loop 链
12、环40-kW power ratings ：40 千瓦的额定功率Lesson 9Ceramic bearing 陶瓷轴承Silicon 硅Titanium 钛Adherence 粘附，附着gas turbine engines 燃气涡轮发动机liquid lubricant 液体润滑剂Exploit 利用，发挥，使用Tribological 摩擦学的ceramic rolling bearing 陶瓷滚动轴承thermo-mechanical 热机械Tool steel 工具钢Aeroengine 航空发动机practical temperature limit 实际的温度上限virtual
13、exclusion 虚拟排斥hot pressed 热压hot isostatically pressed 热等静压的silicon nitride Si3N4rolling contact fatigue 滚动接触疲劳low fracture toughness 低的断裂韧性coefficient of thermal expansion 热膨胀系数thermal conductivity 导热系数thermal diffusivity 热扩散系数，温度扩散率oxidation resistance 抗氧化性Hertzian contact stresses 赫兹接触应力Solid lubr
14、icant 固体润滑剂synthetic lubricant 合成润滑剂unconventional lubricant 非常规润滑剂boundary lubrication 边界润滑wear resistance 耐磨性tribo-chemical film 摩擦化学膜Shear 剪切，切断heat stable 热稳定Imperative 命令，绝对必要的，必不可少的Lesson 14Melting point 熔点Specific heat 比热Specific gravity 比重Shrink fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合thermal conductivity 热导率，导热率therm
15、al expansion 热膨胀corrosion resistance 耐蚀性reduce inertial force 减小惯性力Substitution 替换recrystallization temperature 再结晶温度Annealing 退火heat treating 热处理hot working 热加工minor 微小的surface roughness 表面粗糙度Metallurgical 冶金学的Titanium 钛thermal gradient 热梯度relative expansion 相对膨胀glass-to-metal seals 玻璃 - 金属密封件Shrin
16、k fit 冷缩配合，收缩配合Deterioration 恶化，变质，退化Degradation 降解，老化，退化petroleum 石油elevated temperature 高温Alkalis 碱oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain 氧气，湿气，污染和酸雨Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials, 有色金属，不锈钢，和非金属材料cast iron 铸铁chromium 铬protective film 保护膜Lesson 28Basic size 基本尺寸D
17、eviation 偏差Interchangeable 互换性Interchangeability 互换性Unilateral, bilateral, and limit forms.单边的，双边的和极限形式plus-or-minus 加或减theoretical dimension 理论尺寸basic dimension 基本尺寸Terminology 术语definition 定义4Tolerance 公差Clearance fit 间隙配合Interference fit 过盈配合Transition fit 过度配合Selective assembly 选择装配by trial and
18、error 用试凑法basic hole system 基孔制basic shaft system 基轴制International tolerance (IT) grade 公差等级Tolerance symbols 公差符号tolerance zone 公差带uppercase letter 大写字母lowercase letter 小写字母surface texture 表面纹理surface finish 表面光洁度roughness, waviness, lay and flaws.粗糙度，波纹度，加工纹理方向和缺陷irregularities in the surface 表面不平
19、度Cutoff 中止，截止Superimpose 重叠，叠加Waviness 波度Interval 间隔cracks, blow holes, checks, scratches 裂纹，气孔，检查，划痕Lesson 43Burr 毛刺Saw 锯Hacksaw 弓锯Plasma 等离子体Sophistication 复杂化，完善，采用先进技术Simplicity 简单Sophisticated 复杂的durable 耐用的，耐久的alloy steel 合金钢carbide 碳化物diamond 金刚石Harnessed 驾驭，治理tough 强硬Deburr 去毛刺，去飞翅Welding 焊接
20、Impose 利用，施加影响nontraditional manufacturing processes 非传统制造工艺drilling 钻孔sawing 锯切broaching 拉床electric motors 电动马达Hydraulics 液压gravity 重力electric arcs 电弧Harness 利用electrochemical 电化学plasmas 等离子体jets of liquids and abrasives 液体和磨料射流magnetic field 磁场Explosive 爆炸electric spark 电火花high-frequency sound wav
21、es 高频声波beams of electron 电子束Reject 排斥，抵制in-process breakage 过程中的破损Aforementioned 上述的，前面提到的reliability 可靠性vision systems, laser gages 视觉系统，激光测量Metallurgical 冶金Implementation 履行Lesson 62Conceive 构思Tedious 单调乏味的Optimum 最佳效果Information Age 信息时代Metalworking 金属加工come full circle 回到原地，绕了一圈interchangeabilit
22、y 互换性specialized functions 特殊功能integrated manufacturing system 集成制造系统diversify 多样化Reflex 反射，映像，回复flexibility 灵活性integration 集成Superquality 高质量Superproductivity 高生产率Conflicting 不一致的，冲突的getting the most out 如何充分利用quality assurance 质量保证materials handling 材料处理Schedule 时间表，进度表，计划表shop floor 车间distributed
23、 intelligence 分布式智能microprocessors controlled machines 微处理器控制的机器5Instantaneously 瞬间，即时tighter 更紧producible 可生产Instantaneous 瞬间work-in-process 在制零件tedious 乏味not to mention 更何况Lure 吸引，诱惑contracted out.承包出去，订合同把工作包出去Lesson 64Simulator 模拟装置, 仿真装置Terrain 地区, 地带Planar 平面的marketable 销售closed-loop process 闭
24、环过程Factory automation 工厂自动化central data base 中央数据库computer-aided designcomputer-aided manufacturing computer-aided product design 计算机辅助产品设计computer-aided analysis 计算机辅助分析computer-aided drafting,计算机辅助绘图design sensitivity analysis 设计敏感性分析Optimization 最佳化，优化model simulator 模型模拟器substitute 替代laboratory
25、or field test 实验室或现场测试manufacturability 生产能力on-line control 在线控制simulate 模拟Prototype 原型repetitive 重复electrical and electronic circuits 电气和电子电路algorithm 算法finite-element 有限元computational technique 计算技术multi- body mechanical system 多体机械系统formulating the equation 制定公式numerical method 数值方法special-purpos
26、e program 专用程序general- purpose program 通用程序rigidly structure 刚性结构flexibility 灵活性planar motion 平面运动four-bar linkage 四连杆机构spatial motion 空间运动rough terrain 崎岖的地形Connectivity 连通性，连接性force element 力单元governing equation 控制方程coordinate 协调nonlinearity 非线性Lesson 71Industrial robot 工业机器人Printed circuit boards
27、 印刷电路板Shutdown 停工，关闭robot installation 机器人安装single- purpose machines 单一用途的机器International Organization for Standardization (ISO)国际标准化组织（ISO）reprogrammable 可重复编程multipurpose manipulator 多功能机械手Robot Institute of America(RIA)美国机器人协会（RIA）Japan Industrial Robot Association(JIRA)日本工业机器人协会（JIRA）British Rob
28、ot Association (BRA)英国机器人协会（BRA）reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator 可重新编程的多功能机械手multifunctional 多功能multifunctional 多功能end-effector 末端执行器articulated arm 关节臂articulated 关节式的，铰链的U. S. Atomic Energy Commission 美国原子能委员会Unsophisticated 不复杂的materials handling machine 材料搬运机General Motors Corporation
29、通用汽车公司die casting machine 压铸机die casting 压力铸造，压铸Gripper 手爪degrees of freedom (DOF)自由度（ DOF）Unimation 万能自动化公司jointed-spherical robot 关节式球面机器人welding, painting 焊装，涂装inspection 检查fully automated production line 全自动生产线vehicle chassis 汽车底盘conveyor 输送带6Assemble 组装a sequence of 一序列的Mass-produced printed ci
30、rcuit boards (PCBs)大规模生产的印刷电路板（PCB）pick-and-place robot 拾取和放置机器人surpassing 超越reliability 可靠性inflation of wages 通货膨胀的工资imperative 势在必行，必要的Parting 分离的，离别的robot cells 机器人单元danger zone 危险区marked off 关闭标记 precaution 预防措施 shutdown system 停车系统 Setting 位置，安装，环境翻译Lesson2Considerable attention is given to the
31、 action of centrifugal force in grinding wheels. That is, the bonding agent that holds the abrasive particles on the wheel must be stronger than the forces which tend to make the revolving wheel fly apart at high speeds. For this reason, the speed of a grinding wheel should not exceed the safe surfa
32、ce speed limit specified by the manufacturer. Centrifugal force increases with speed.对磨削用的砂轮来讲离心力的影响要特别给以关注。即把磨料颗粒粘合在砂轮上的粘合剂它的粘合力必须大于使高速旋转的砂轮分崩离析的离心力。因此，砂轮的转速不能超过制造商给定的安全表面速度限制。离心力随转速的增加而增大。The principles of centrifugal force are used in the design of centrifuge-type machines. Some centrifuges are u
33、sed to separate chemicals; others are used to remove impurities in metals by centrifugal casting processes. Centrifugal force principles are also used in common appliances such as clothes dryers and in devices to control motor speeds and accelerate moving machines.离心力的这种原理用在离心型机器的设计中。一些离心分离机用于分离化学制品
34、；还有的通过离心铸造工艺分离金属中的杂质。离心力作用也有普通的应用如干衣机、控制发动机转速的装置以及用于加速运动的机器。Centripetal force causes an object to travel in circular path. This action is caused by the continuous application of forces which tend to pull the object to the center. In other words, the inward force which resists the centrifugal force i
35、s called the centripetal force. The centripetal force of objects spinning at a constant rate produces an acceleration toward the center which is equal and opposite to the centrifugal force.向心力使物体沿着圆形轨道运动。这种现象的产生是由于将物体拉（轨道）中心的力的持续作用。换句话说，这种抵抗离心力的向内的力就叫向心力。以固定速率作旋转运动的物体的向心力产生一个向心的加速度，这个向心力与离心力大小相等，方向相
36、反。 Lesson3Primarily, we will be discussing things which are in “equilibrium,” i.e., not accelerating. However, if we look closely enough, everything is accelerating. We will consider many structural members to be “weightless”but they never are. We will deal with forces that act at a “point” but all
37、forces act over an area. We will consider some parts to be “rigid”but all bodies will deform under load.首先，我们讨论的是处于“平衡”状态即没有加速的物体。然而任何东西都在加速，如果我们观察足够仔细的话。我们认为很多结构件是“没有重量”的但它们从来不是这样；我们认为力的作用在一个“点”上，但所有力都作用在一个区域上；我们认为有些零件是“刚体的”但所有物体在负载下都会变形。We will make many assumptions that clearly are false. But the
38、se assumptions should always render the problem easier, more tractable. You will discover that the goal is to make as many simplifying assumptions as possible without seriously degrading the result.我们都会作一些明显是错误的假设。但这些假设常可能使问题简化，更容易驾驭。你会发现目标是只要不使结果严重降级（歪曲），就尽可能多的做出简化的假设。7Generally there is no clear m
39、ethod to determine how completely, or how precisely, to treat a problem: If our analysis is too simple, we may not get a pertinent answer; if our analysis is too detailed, we may not be able to obtain any answer. It is usually preferable to start with a relatively simple analysis and then add more d
40、etail as required to obtain a practical solution. 通常没有明确的方法去确定怎么完整（全面）或精确的去处理问题：如果我们的分析太简单，（我们）可能不会得到一个中肯的答案；如果我们的分析太详细，（我们）也许得不到任何答案。通常更好的是从相对简单的分析开始，添加一些需要的细节以获得实用解。During the past two decades, there has been a tremendous growth in the availability of computerized methods for solving problems that
41、 previously were beyond solution because the time required to solve them would have been prohibitive. At the same time the cost of computer capability and use has decreased by orders of magnitude. 5 We are experiencing an influx of “personal computers“ on campus, in the home, and in business.在过去 20
42、年间，用以解决问题的计算机方法可用性得到了巨大的提升，过去不能解决是因为解决问题所需要的时间受到限制。同时计算机的性能成本和使用成本有成数量级的降低。我们在校园里、在家中，在商务场所都正在经历着一个“个人计算机”的浪潮。Lesson51.Keep shafts as short as possible, with bearings close to the applied loads. This reduces deflections and bending moments, and increase critical speeds.2. Place necessary stress rais
43、ers away from highly stressed shaft regions if possible.9 Consider local surface strengthening processes (as shot-peening or cold-rolling).10 3.Use inexpensive steels for deflection-critical shafts, as all steels have essentially the same modulus.4.When weight is critical , consider hollow shafts.1.
44、保持轴尽可能短，与轴承接近施加的载荷。这减少了变形和弯曲力矩，并增大临界速度。2.尽可能使必要的应力集中源远离轴上承受较高应力的区域。考虑采用局部表面强化工艺（诸如喷丸强化和常温滚压）3.使用廉价的钢材用于偏转临界轴，因为所有的钢具有基本相同的弹性模量。4，当重量是至关重要时，考虑空心轴。Lesson9The importance of requiring a lubricating film cannot be over emphasized, even when using ceramic materials.7 Unlubricated silicon nitride or silico
45、n carbide do not inherently have low friction, nor good wear resistance. These properties can be obtained with the aid of solid lubricants which are compatible with the materials.Silicon nitride, lubricated for example with graphite containing high temperature additive, can form a tribo-chemical fil
46、m which reduces the coefficient of friction and, as a consequence, minimizes heat generation. The reduction in friction depends on the easier shearing of the film compared with the base material.For bearing operation at ultra-high temperaturesabove 550solid lubricants which are more heat stable than
47、 graphite are being considered. It is imperative that the development of a complex tribological system such as a high temperature solid lubricated, ceramic bearing is conducted with full understanding of the individual tribological relationship of the various components.润滑膜的重要性怎么强调都不过分，即使采用陶瓷材料时也是这样
48、。无润滑的氮化硅或碳化硅不固有低的摩擦，也没有良好的耐磨性。这些性质可在固体润滑剂的帮助获得，这些性质与材料相兼容。以氮化硅的润滑为例，用含有高温添加剂的石墨，可形成摩擦化学膜从而降低摩擦系数，结果，减少热量的产生。摩擦的减少取决于膜与基材相比谁更容易被切落。对于工作在超高温（高于 550）下的轴承来说比石墨有更好的热稳定性的固体润滑剂正在被考虑。一个复杂的摩擦系统的发展是很有必要的，如高温固体润滑剂。陶瓷轴承被引入以充分理解各组成部件间的单独摩擦关系。8Lesson14Resistance to corrosion depends on the composition of the mate
49、rial and on the particular environment. Corrosive media may be chemicals (acids, alkalislklis , and salts), the environment (oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain), and water (fresh or salt water).5 Nonferrous metals, stainless steels, and nonmetallic materials, generally have high corrosion resistance. Steels and cast irons usually have poor resistance and must be protected by various coatings and surface treatments.抗腐蚀性取决于材料的成分和特定的环境。腐蚀媒介可以是化学品（酸、碱和盐），环境（氧、潮湿、污染和酸雨）和水（清水或盐水）。有色金属、不锈钢和非金属材料通常有高抗腐蚀性。钢和铸铁通常抗腐蚀性差，必须有各种涂层和表面处理保护。The usefulness of some level of
