1、泌尿系脓毒症的诊断与治疗,上海市第一人民医院急诊危重病科 钱永兵,2019/8/31,1,病例介绍,女,87岁,2015-10-3因“右股骨粗隆间骨折”急诊入骨科,肝肾功能(-),拟限期行右股骨内固定手术,无糖尿病史 10-9日上午,突发寒颤、高热39,意识模糊,RR 30bpm,HR 145bpm,Af律,BP 90/50mmHg,Lac 7mmol/L, 肺部听诊(-),导尿为“脓尿”,ICU会诊,2019/8/31,2,初始诊断及处理?,辅助检查,2019/8/31,3,脓毒症流行病学,2019/8/31,4,Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12: 91924,Subjec
2、ts of Urosepsis,2019/8/31,5,Nicolle, Crit Care Clin 29 (2013) 699715,尿源性脓毒血症危险因素,患者状况:糖尿病、低龄、女性和截瘫 尿路解剖异常:神经源性膀胱及尿流改道 结石特征:肾盂肾盏扩张和结石负荷过大 术前:既往同侧PCNL史,肾盂肾盏梗阻扩张、肾造瘘管 术中:肾盂尿培养阳性、结石培养阳性、多次肾穿刺和输血,2019/8/31,6,尿路感染诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2015版),Date of download: 2/23/2016,Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. A
3、ll rights reserved.,From: The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3),JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287,Date of download: 2/23/2016,Copyright 2016 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.,From: The Third International Consensus D
4、efinitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3),JAMA. 2016;315(8):801-810. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0287,Sepsis 3.0,脓毒症定义为针对感染的宿主反应异常引起的致命性器官功能障碍 器官功能障碍定义为急性器官功能障碍,由急性感染引起的SOFA总分增加2分 床边qSOFA评分,即意识改变、SBP100mmHg、RR22次/分能迅速鉴别那些需要入住ICU或住院期间可能死亡的患者 感染性休克的诊断为明确的全身性感染并伴有持续性低血压,即使给予了充分的容量复苏,仍需血管活性药物维持MAP65mm
5、Hg且Lac2 mmol/L,Pathophysiology of Urosepsis:Dtsch Arztebl Int 2015;112:837,2019/8/31,10,PCT refects bacteremia and bacterial load in urosepsis,2019/8/31,11,van Nieuwkoop et al. Critical Care 2010, 14:R206,PCT as an early diagnostic and monitoring tool in urosepsis following PCNL,2019/8/31,12,Zheng J
6、,Urolithiasis (2015) 43:4147,PCT 0.30ng/ml Sensitivity 90.3% Specificity 94.3%,初始诊断和处理,EGDT方案复苏目标:(1)中心静脉压812 mmHg (2)平均动脉压(MAP)65 mmHg (3)尿量0.5 mLkg-1h-1 (4)上腔静脉血氧饱和度或混合静脉血 氧饱和度0.70 或0.65控制感染源:根据感染部位给予经验性抗生素,2019/8/31,13,泌尿系脓毒症常见病原菌?,Pathogen spectrum in urospesis,2019/8/31,14,Tandogdu, World J Uro
7、l 2015,12,2019/8/31,15,ICU内尿路感染病原菌构成比,汪海源,中华泌尿外科杂志,2015(36):380,Bacteremic UTI in Korean elderly pts,2019/8/31,16,Chin, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 52 (2011) e50e55,院内获得性urosepsis病原菌构成比,2019/8/31,17,Johansen ,International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 28S (2006) S91S107,UTI in DM vs. n
8、on-DM females,2019/8/31,18,(DM),(non-DM),Garg, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015, 9(6): 12,2019/8/31,19,根据可能的致病菌, 选择经验性治疗,Resistance profile of antibiotics-GPIU 2015,2019/8/31,20,2019/8/31,21,Antimicrobial sensitivity in Korean elderly pts,头孢噻肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨曲南在老年患者中具有显著差别!,Urosepsis经验治疗
9、方案,2019/8/31,22,Nicolle, Crit Care Clin 29 (2013) 699715,细菌培养结果,2019/8/31,23,病例总结,2019/8/31,24,帕尼培南,可乐必妥,ICU stay,血/尿:大肠埃希菌,尿路真菌感染,首选氟康唑或两性霉素B,肾脏排泄好,尿中浓度高 不建议选择其他唑类:伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、泊沙康唑;棘白菌素类:卡泊芬净、米卡芬净、阿尼芬净;两性霉素B脂质体等,以上抗真菌药不经肾脏系统排泄,尿中浓度低 5-氟胞嘧啶亦可选择,警惕血液系统毒性,同时在肾功能不全时注意剂量有效性和安全性,2019/8/31,25,Tigercycline a
10、s rescue treatment for MDR KP/AB urosepsis,2019/8/31,26,JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, May 2009, p. 1613 JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, Feb. 2008, p. 817820,抗生素治疗时间,复杂性尿路感染 10-14天 欧洲泌尿协会建议症状缓解后3-5天停药 感染性肾囊肿 4-6周 肾脓肿直至脓肿清除 免疫缺陷患者需延长时间,具体不清,2019/8/31,27,抗菌药物选择策略,品种选择根据感染部位、发病场所、既往用药史、耐药监测数 据等,给予
11、经验性治疗根据药代学特点,感染部位等选择 二. 给药剂量上尿路,治疗剂量高限下尿路,治疗剂量低限 三. 给药途径上尿路,初始给予静脉下尿路,口服 四. 给药次数时间依赖性:一日多次:-内酰胺类和碳青霉烯类浓度依赖性:一次一次:喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类,2019/8/31,28,尿路感染诊断与治疗中国专家共识(2015版),外科手术指征,2019/8/31,29,解除梗阻,引流脓尿或脓肿,开腹手术指征: 脓肿大于5cm 产气肾盂肾炎 真菌球,其他手段: 导尿管引流 输尿管支架 经皮穿刺置管,尿源性脓毒症诊治流程,2019/8/31,30,6hrs 1hrs,2019/8/31,31,Thanks for your attention!,