1、 1 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Description This document provides practical examples on how to do Analysis & Design with Tekla Structures. This document can be used as reference manual, as the items in the table on contents ar
2、e linked to the corresponding headings in the document. Contents If you want to review a certain subject, please select the subject in the table of contents, which is linked to the corresponding heading in the document. How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples1 Create analysis model.3 Set me
3、mber analysis properties 5 Setting load properties7 Add intermediate nodes to a member .10 Analysing composite beams 11 Analysis of haunch connection18 Analysis of plate girders.19 Support displacement loading .20 Temperature difference load for the whole building 21 Check which members are loaded.2
4、3 Setting optimisation section groups .24 Draw analysis model in Tekla Structures27 Enable or disable rigid links.29 Find STAAD.Pro element in TS model.31 Find STAAD.Pro node in TS model34 Find TS member in STAAD.Pro model 36 Modelling curved beams.38 Setting beam unsupported length for design check
5、 40 Setting column buckling length for design check42 Rigid diaphragms (rigid floors) 44 Creating a report in STAAD.Pro .48 Checking calculated displacements in STAAD.Pro49 Viewing calculated member forces in STAAD.Pro .52 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 20062 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical
6、examples Viewing STAAD.Pro output file in STAAD.Pro54 Beam not connected because of gap 57 Bracing members modelled incorrectly 59 Bracing members are not connected to beam60 Column skewed in the analysis model 61 Duplicate members .64 Analysis run failed.65 Material error in analysis 66 Analysis ta
7、kes a long time, extra members included.67 Design tab is empty.68 No design check is done.69 How to check instability problems.70 Basic modelling errors causing instability71 Invalid load spanning direction74 Load is missing because bounding box is too small.75 Self weight load of model members 76 W
8、ind loads created at incorrect height .77 Member results are in member local coordinate system.78 Stability problems may cause completely incorrect results80 Slab/wall not connected to beam .81 Wall not connected to columns83 Dense element mesh created for slab or wall.85 Supports for wall or slab.8
9、8 Beam should not be connected to slab.89 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 20063 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Create analysis model Menu command Analysis-New model. Some notes related to the basic analysis models: Select either Full model or By selected parts and loads: Full model:
10、 All parts of the model will be included, except those which the analysis type has been set as Ignore (on the analysis tab of part dialog). Any existing select filter may also be connected to filter out parts. Parts created by macros will not be included in the full model (exceptions where parts are
11、 created by the truss and concrete slab macros, as these macros set the analysis properties for the parts they create). By selected parts and loads: Selected parts and loads will only be included. Any connection part may also be included. Parts and loads may later be added or removed by Analysis-Add
12、 members, Analysis-Remove members. Select either Force to centric connection or Use rigid links: Extended clash check should be used, for more accurate analysis model creation. Option Use rigid links is used if more accurate modelling of eccentricities in the model is required: Force to centric conn
13、ection: 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 20064 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Use rigid links: See also case “Enable or disable rigid links in specific places”. Both of the following are possible: Analysis model is set to Force to centric connection. Generally rigid links are not use
14、d, but it is possible to force rigid link at a specific place. Analysis model is set to Use rigid links. Generally rigid links are used, but it is possible to disable rigid link at a specific location. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 20065 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Set member a
15、nalysis properties These are some notes regarding the analysis properties of beams and columns in standard cases: Member analysis type: Truss for braced members Otherwise Normal. Member axis location Columns: Typically Neutral axis, or alternatively Reference axis Beams and bracings: Typically Refer
16、ence axis, or alternatively Neutral axis Analysis offsets: These are used to introduce longitudinal offsets, to model the conditions more accurately. One example is the connection between a precast concrete beam and column where the load from the beam is eccentric on the column: 2006-02-10 Copyright
17、 Tekla 20066 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 20067 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Setting load properties To make sure the correct members are loaded use the Part names filter. To guarantee that the load will be applied to the req
18、uired members, ensure that the bounding box is large enough. Generally, it should be no problem if the bounding box is over-sized. Load panel properties Set spanning to single/double and primary spanning direction. If double spanning and Automatic primary axis weight is set to Yes it makes no differ
19、ence as to which of the two spanning directions is selected as the primary direction. Only in double spanning case, automatic primary axis weight and the weight value affect the proportions of the load which is applied to the primary axis and to the perpendicular axis. If automatic primary axis weig
20、ht is set to Yes, the proportions will be in shared to the third power of the span lengths in these two directions, i.e. the shorter the span, the larger the proportion of the load. The weight value does not matter. If automatic primary axis weight is set to No, the given factor is used to divide th
21、e load, see diagrams below. The settings are applicable to point load, line load and uniform/area load (although this issue is not relevant to uniform/area load if they cover the whole panel area). 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 20068 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Setting create f
22、ixed support conditions automatically is related to load distribution on continuous structures (setting is actually renamed to Use continuous structure load distribution in version 11.1). When uniform load Q is applied on a continuous beam with span lengths L, the load on the leftmost span is not di
23、vided equally to the supports, but instead the support loads will be 0.375QL and 0.625QL. Enabling this setting means that this effect is included in the load distribution. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 20069 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200610 (90)How
24、 to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Add intermediate nodes to a member Sometimes intermediate nodes are required along a member. This is often required for frequency analysis. There are user defined attributes and specify the number of split nodes and distances to create the additional nod
25、es. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200611 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Analysing composite beams Composite construction consists of beams, studs and concrete slabs on top of the beams. To model composite beam the user can either give composite beam properties directly to the beam
26、 or use the Automatic Composite Beam option. On the later condition Tekla Structures recognizes the concrete deck above the beam and takes composite properties directly from the deck properties. Decks can be modelled as flat slab or as a composite deck. Concrete thickness material is taken from the
27、deck and also rib height and width if the composite deck used. Deck properties are defined in the profile catalog. If beam has shear studs defined the analysis uses information directly from them. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200612 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples If deck or shear
28、 studs are not modelled these design properties are defined on the beams composite and design tab pages. Beam settings To analyse beams as composite beams, then modify the beam properties on the Analysis tab. 1. Select: Composite beam: modify composite beam properties manually Automatic composite be
29、am: Tekla Structures automatically recognizes the composite beams, and calculates the effective slab width. 2. When you have modified the properties, run analysis and Tekla Structures calculates the effective slab width. 1/8 of beam span, center-to-center, of support Effective width may not be more
30、than half of the distance to the nearest composite beam. The effective width may not be more than the maximum distance to the next beam: With Composite beam option, the slab width is zero if there is no beam on the left or right. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200613 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - pr
31、actical examples With Automatic composite beam Tekla Structures can calculate the width even if there is no beam on either side. Design tab: The track attribute affects to level of detail for composite design. Set that to 2 Print the output at the maximum level. Design tab page contains composite be
32、am properties if deck or shear studs are not modelled. Inquiring effective width When analysis model is active inquire function displays composite beam properties . Using slab generation macro for deck creation 1) Select slab generation macro. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200614 (90)How to do Analysis
33、 & Design - practical examples 2) Define deck properties 3) Select deck area. Metal deck profiles Metal deck profiles are defined in the profile catalog. Interface to STAAD.Pro These values are taken to account when designing the beam and number of studs required. STAAD.Pro takes following arguments
34、 into account during the design. Composite Beam Design as per AISC-ASD Description STAAD.Pro now supports composite flexural member design in accordance with the AISC-ASD code. Full composite action and uniformly distributed loading are assumed. Shear connectors are to be continued in the negative m
35、oment area. Formed steel deck is assumed to be perpendicular to the member. If it is parallel to the member, the number of shear connectors must be adjusted. The following additional parameters have been introduced to support the composite member design 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200615 (90)How to d
36、o Analysis & Design - practical examples STAAD.Pro Output STAAD.PRO.PRO CODE CHECKING - (AISC 9TH EDITION) * - | MEM= 7 Section = CM W27X84 Ratio = 0.054 Status : Pass | | Section Loc. = 1.00 Load = 103 Moment = 0.4422E+3 kip-inch | | Critical Condition : Steel stress after concrete hardens: I2 | |
37、UNITS - POUN FEET | | Actual Steel Stress before Concrete Hardens = 0.1214E+6 | 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200616 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples | Allowable Steel Stress before Concrete Hardens = 0.3421E+7 | | Actual Concrete Stress before Hardening = 0.0000E+0 | | Allowable Co
38、ncrete Stress before Hardening = 0.2350E+6 | | Actual Steel Stress after Concrete Hardens = 0.2524E+6 | | Allowable Steel Stress after Concrete Hardens = 0.4666E+7 | | Actual Concrete Stress after Hardening = 0.1037E+5 | | Allowable Concrete Stress after Hardening = 0.2350E+6 | | Number of shear con
39、nectors required : 51 | | Diameter of shear connectors : 5/8-inch | - 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200617 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Improvements in version 11.1 Tekla Structures 11.1 contains the following improvements Automatic rigid diaphragm If the deck is created with sl
40、ab generation macro, the user can select if the slab forms a rigid diaphragm. Automatic decks weight load The decks weight can be included in the analysis model as a load even if it is not otherwise included. Number of shear studs The number of shear stud transferred back to Tekla Structures as a be
41、am property. The beam information can be used for stud modelling and included in the drawings and reports. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200618 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Analysis of haunch connection Haunch connections can be approximated by inserting a modified section on th
42、e haunch area. The section adopted and the length of the section have to specified by the user. In practice, tapered I and H sections will be used. STAAD.PRO model: 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200619 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Analysis of plate girders How should a plate gir
43、der be modelled in TS if the user is intending to analyse it using the A&D module? Two ways are possible: Use equivalent profiles i.e. from User Defined Attributes dialog define the profile to be considered in the analysis. If the plate girder is modelled using custom parts, then the values can be f
44、illed in automatically. Optimisation recommends the new equivalent profile. The user can also define a special optimisation group for the plate profile with optimization group UDA. See case “Define optimisation groups”. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200620 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical ex
45、amples Support displacement loading Support displacement loading is not directly handled. The workaround is to have a stiff spring support which does not yield under existing loads and then apply a strong load at the spring location to create the appropriate displacement. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla
46、200621 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Temperature difference load for the whole building In version 11.1: It is possible just to insert one temperature load with “temperature difference for axial elongation“, and making the bounding box large enough to contain all the structure
47、s elements. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200622 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples In versions 10.2 and 11.0: Separate temperature load has to be inserted at each floor level, for beams, i.e. using part name filter BEAM etc. Then, for columns, the work plane has to be changed so that
48、 X is vertical. One temperature load is then inserted at each grid line of the building with the part name filter set to COLUMN etc. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200623 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Check which members are loaded After running the analysis, use Inquire-Load to see which members are loaded by a particular load. 2006-02-10 Copyright Tekla 200624 (90)How to do Analysis & Design - practical examples Setting optimisation section groups In optimisation, the lightest safe section (i.e.
