1、,主讲：秦荻辉 教授,第五章 各类从句,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,1、两个句型的译法,（1）“ not until ” “直到后才”,The machine will not work until it receives a signal .,西安电子科技大学,The body will move on for some distance before it stops.,Something must be done to the amplified（放大了的）signals before they are sent to the transmitting antenna（发射天线）
2、.,（2）“ before ” “直到 后才”,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,The values of most things must be converted（转变）from decimal（十进制）to binary（二进制）before computations can begin.,*Bohr kept the manuscript（手稿）locked（锁）in his desk for almost two years before deciding to send it in for（交付）publication.,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,This signa
3、l is used to trigger（触发）the gate（门电路）once .,Communicating via（通过）satellite is no longer the novelty（新奇事）it once was.,2、“once”的不同词类和译法,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,Once started, the machine will be able to work automatically.,（1）作副词：“一次”、“曾经”。,小结：,（2）作从属连接词：“一旦”。,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,3、“while”当从属连接词时的不同词义,While it
4、 is recording each purchase（买卖）, the computer is also checking（检查）the stores（商店的）inventory（库存量）for reordering（再订购） purposes.,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,Even if no current is flowing, the voltage is there while the generator（发电机）is operating.,The book has potential energy（势能） while it is on the desk top（桌面）.,
5、西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,While there has been an enormous（巨大的）amount of literature（文献）about ATM（异步传输模式）over the past two years, many networking（建网）books have not focused（侧重讲） on ATM itself.,Transistor Q1 is on while transistor Q2 is off .,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,While energy is the capacity to do work, power is
6、the quantity of work in unit time.,（1）表示“当时候”、“在期 间”。从句多为进行时态,小结：,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,（2）表示“虽然”。从句一般处在主句前；有时在主句的主谓之间,（3）表示“而”。从句与主句的句型一般是相同的。从句一般处在主句后；但为了强调，从句也可处在主句前,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,4、“as”作从属连接词的不同词义,As the current flows, energy from the battery goes to the resistance.,As the usage（使用）of the Intern
7、et increases, its scarcity（缺少）of built-in（内在的）security（安全措施）becomes more and more of a problem .,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,The force of gravitational attraction（万有引力）between two bodies decreases as the distance between them increases .,Electrons move round the nucleus just as the planets move round the sun.
8、,As air has weight, it exerts（施加） force on any object immersed（浸沉）in it.,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,This machine works as well as that one (does) .,Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller units.,小结：,（1）表示时间：, “当时候”。主从句两动作一般同时进行,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句, “随着”。在从句中有表示变化的动词，主要有change, vary, increase, dec
9、rease, rise, fall等,（2）表示原因：“因为；由于”。一般只能从整句的含义来判别,（3）表示方式：“如同”、“像一样”。 往往在“as”前有程度副词just,exactly, much,somewhat,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,（4）表示比较：“如”“as as”同等比较句型中的第二个“as”,（5）表示让步：“虽然”从句的一部分（在科技文中主要是从句的表语）一定要倒置在“as”之前,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,5、“provided (that)”= “if”,The current through a conductor is directly prop
10、ortional to（正比于）the potential difference（电位差）across it provided there is no change in the physical conditions of the conductor.,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,The amount of deformation（形变）is directly proportional to the applied stress（应力）provided the force does not exceed（超过）a certain limit（限度）.,6、在科技文中有时“such t
11、hat”= “so that”“因此”的用途,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,With the cell（电池）of EMF E2 in place of（代替）the first cell，a new balance point is found such that AC = L2 .,Now we suppose that L1 and L2 approach infinity（无穷大）such that the turns ratio（匝数比）remains constant.,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,7、the,instantmoment,= as soon as,“一
12、当；在时”,eachevery,time = whenever,“每当；每一次”,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,It is not always necessary to replace a set of belts（皮带）the instant one breaks（断）or becomes too badly worn（磨损）for use.,Without a good deal of friction（摩擦）, a screw jack（千斤顶）under load（负荷）would simply（就）unwind（松开）the moment the applied force
13、was released（释放）.,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,Every time you turn on your phone, you are asked to enter your PIN（个人密码Personal Identity Number）.,西安电子科技大学,5.1 状语从句,1、一般情况,（1）公式,thethisa/an Ono形容词物主代词,+ 某些抽象名词 +,that从句“that”在从句中无词义、无成分,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,（2）译法, “,这一的,”,The assumption that = constant is often ma
14、de to simplify analysis.,R = r is the condition that power delivered（提供）by a given source is a maximum .,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,Here we have used the definition（定义）that acceleration（加速度）is the rate（速率）of change of velocity .,这一以下的,：,This account for（解释）the obser- vation（观察到的情况）that the resistivity of a
15、 metal increases with temperature .,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,The latter（后一）form has the advantage that it can be extended（扩展）to complex quantities ., “动宾译法”：这时该“抽象名词”来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,During the past several years, there has been an increasing a growing recognition realization; awarene
16、ss within business（商务）and academic（学术的）circles（界）that certain nations have evolved（发展）into information societies .,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,The main theoretical development in this decade（十年）has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models .,This is equivalent
17、to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,A consequence（结果）of the discovery of electricity was the observation that metals are good conductors while non-metals are poor conductors .,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,（3）几个句型：, “there is evidence that ”,“有证据表明”,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从
18、句,There is evidence that Ohms law applies only to metallic conductors., “there is no doubt that ”,“毫无疑问”,There is no doubt that mercury（水银） is a metal .,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句, “there is every possibility that ” ,“完全有可能”,There is every possibility that satisfactory results will be obtained.,西安电子科技大学,5.
19、 2 同位语从句,2、由名词从句转变成的同位语从句（实际上在从句前省去了“of;about;on;as to”）,The question now arises whether this series（级数）converges（收敛）.,The reader may have no idea what this symbol stands for.,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,The users have no guarantee（保证）how long this kind of device will be operating.,西安电子科技大学,5. 2 同位语从句,1、一般情
20、况, 连接词：在从句中无成分,that （无词义）,whether “是否”,if “是否”（只能引导宾语从句时用）,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,（1）引导词, 连接代词：在从句中要作某一成 分。科技文中常用的有：, what “什么”、“的 内容；方向；情况；话；”,which “哪个 本；枝；、哪些”,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句, 连接副词：在从句中一般作状语,when “何时；的时间”,why “为何；.的理由”,where “何地；的地点”,how “如何；的方式原理”,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,（2）采用形式主语“it”的几个句型, “it is we
21、ll known that ”“众所周知，”, “it is clear evident; apparent; obvious that ” “显然；很清楚”,It is well known that Ohms law applies only to metallic conductors.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,It is clear that this equation has two roots（根）.,From Ohms law it follows that the current is directly proportional to the applied vo
22、ltage., “it follows that ” “（由此）得出到；因此”,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句, “it does not matter ” “是没有关系的”, “it makes no difference ” “是没有区别的”,It does not matter how the two numbers are added.,It makes no difference where the radiation（辐射）comes from.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,（3）以介词开头的主语从句和宾语从句（ 介词宾语从句 它是介词后的一个完整句子）,It do
23、es not basically make any difference in which direction an NPN transistor is operated（运用）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,*The potential energy of a body depends upon where we choose the base height（基高）h = 0 to be.,You must determine for what values of x the following series（级数）is convergent（收敛的）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3
24、 名词从句, “what”是一个疑问代词，译成：“什么；哪个本；”或“多大表示尺寸、大小、数值”,2、“what-从句”（主要在汉译时对“what”这个词的处理问题）,（1）普通情况,It is necessary to understand what inertia（惯性）is .,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句, “what”是一个复合关系代词（what = the things that）：译成“的话；情况；内容；东西；原因；方向；”,It is necessary to find（求出）what that angle is.,What I have said above is n
25、ot necessarily correct.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,Its actual（实际的）direction is opposite to what has been assumed.,What this book deals with is very useful.,Energy is what brings changes to materials.,This is close to what has been observed.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,What a battery does is to change chemical energy
26、 into electrical energy.,Gas takes the shape of what is holding（存放）it.,The turning of the earth on its own axis is what makes the change from day to night .,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,The particular mix（混合）of these frequencies is what determines the pitch（音调）of a persons voice.,The simplified assumptions do
27、 not correspond to what actually takes place in operation.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,To compose（编写）a book of finite length（有限篇幅）, the material must be tailored（使适合）to what the reader needs to know and already knows.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,注：“what”的上述两种译法到底应采用哪一种，只能通过试探来确定。如：,They dont know what we need.,What w
28、e need is a computer.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,（2）几个特殊句型的译法, “what is called + 补足语” 译成“人们所说的所称的；所谓的 + 补足语”,注：“called”可用“named; termed; described as; known as; recognized as; referred to as; spoken of as等”来替代，它们也可以是主动语态。,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,In 1895, a German physicist discovered what are known as X rays .,S
29、ending a signal from one place to another is what is referred to as transmission（传输）.,Late in 1947, they discovered what was later to be named the “transistor” effect（效应）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,In order to explain what are commonly called electrical effects, it is necessary to ascribe（归因）to certain “pa
30、rticles” the property of charge .,Fig. 2 shows an NPN transistor in what is known as the common-emitter configuration（共发电路）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,我们所说的机器人（robot）只不过是一种特殊的电子设备（electronic device）。,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,What we call a robot is no more than just a special kind of electronic device.,注：“so-cal
31、led”为形容词，一般表示贬义，所以在科技文中不常用。,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句, “in what follows”（= in what is to follow = in all that follows = in the following）：译成“在下面”。,In what follows, we use t to stand for time.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,This concept can be introduced in what is a clear and concise（简明的）manner.,After so many years, t
32、he bottom of the sea rose up and became what is now the stone forest（石林）., “what + 系动词 + 表语特别是名词时” 只译“表语”,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,What is more important to the programmer is that for the computer to understand an instruction（指令）, it must be represented in binary（二进制）.,*A scientific law is merely（仅仅）a sta
33、tement of what we believe to be true（真实的）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句, “what it is they are” 可译成“现在这个样子”或“it, they”所代的名词,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,“what it was they were 可译成“原来过去那个样子”或“it, they”所代的名词,After a chemical change, a substance is changed to something different from what it was.,In this case, the magnetic
34、 induction（磁感应强度）is 5500 times what it was .,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,On the surface of the moon, the gravitational force（重力）on a body is only 1/6 what it is here on the earth. (= only 1/6 that the gravitational force here on the earth.),注：由于“what”这个引导词的特殊性，它可以引导“补足语从句”。,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,It was genius（天
35、才）that made Faraday（法拉第）what he was., What has made Red China what she is?,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,（3）“whatever”引导的名词从句, 当在从句中起名词作用时， “whatever” = “anything that”,The term “force” may be interpreted（解释）as whatever may be producing the distortion（形变）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,During these expansions（膨胀）the pist
36、on（活塞）exerts a force on whatever it is attached（连接）to, and thereby performs work., 当在从句中起形容词作用时，“whatever”= “any + 它修饰的名词 + that”,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,Pressure（压力）is always perpendicular to（垂直于）whatever surface is being acted upon（作用）.,These instruments can indicate the d-c component（成分；分量）of whatever
37、 signal may be under observation .,西安电子科技大学,5. 3 名词从句,1、引导词,A、在从句中一定有成分；,它有双重作用：,B、一定要代替前面某个名词或整个主句。一般代哪个词，从句就定那个词。,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,（1）分类,that：用于人或物；一般不能引导非限制性定语从句, 关系代词,which：只能用于事、物,who：只能用于人（在从句中作主语）,whose：用于人或事、物（在从句中作定语，译成“其”）,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,as：科技文中主要用于事、物（它有固定词义“像那样的”）,*but：= that/which
38、/who not,This device can produce a sound “dit-dah-dit”（滴-嗒-滴）that a radio operator who knows the Morse code（莫尔斯电码）will interpret（翻译）as the letter R .,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,There is no material but will deform（形变）more or less under the action of forces .,With the introduction of the electronic computer,
39、 there is not a single complicated problem but can be solved in a few hours .,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句, 关系副词,where：在科技文中主要修饰表达式、公式、关系式、方程式，译成“这里、式中、其中” = in which；还可修饰地点、程度、情况（place,point,degree,extent,case, situation）等,when：修饰时间 （time, moment, instant, point, occasion, cycle, day, ）,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,wh
40、y：修饰“reason”一词,whereby：= by which,as：= in which (主要出现在“in the same way/manner/direction as ”中 ),wherein：= in which,whence：= from which （从句中的谓语一般总是省去的）,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,Ohms law can be written as V = IRwhere V represents voltage, I current and R resistance .,Electromagnetic induction（感应）is the mean
41、s（方法）whereby nearly all the worlds electric power is produced .,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,The phenomenon is analogous to striking（敲）a bell（铃）a sharp mechanical blow（猛击）with a hammer（锤子）, whence the origin of the term “ringing（振铃） .”,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,（2）在修饰事物时，只能用“that”而不能用“which”的场合：, 先行词为不定代词（“something
42、”除外）,All that the user has to do in order to access the records is start a web browser（网浏览器）and visit the web site（网址）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,Anything that is hot radiates heat., 先行词被序数词修饰时,The first component（元件）that will be chosen in design is the transistor., 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时,Computers are the most eff
43、icient assistants that man has ever had .,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,This is the largest aircraft that has ever been manufactured in China ., 先行词被“only,no,very,any”修饰时,The only thing that must be done is to measure the voltage across the capacitor（电容器）.,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,（3）在“介词+which”开头的定语从句中，“介词”的选择法, “介
44、词”是从句中某个动词、形容词或名词所要求的,The material of which this conductor is made is copper.,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,The concept of the “computer center” as a room with a large computer to which users bring their work for processing is now totally obsolete（过时了）., is the amount of amplification（放大）of which a transistor
45、is capable.,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,How to live longer is a question to which man has tried to find a good answer for hundreds of years ., “介词”是主句中的被定词所要求的,One of the great advantages of AC is the ease with which its voltage can be changed .,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,The accuracy of measurement depends on the i
46、nstrument used and the care with which the reading is made .,The frequency depends on the purpose for which the device is designed .,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,the,pressurefrequencytemperaturerateheight,at which ,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,the,methodprocedureprocessschememeans,by which ,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,the,cares
47、killeasedifficultyefficiencyaccuracyprecisionrapidity,with which ,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句, “介词”根据全句所要表达的意思来确定,The substance in which there are many free electrons is a good conductor.,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,2、引导词可省去的场合（只能在限制性定语从句中）,（凡在一个句中有两个谓语而找不到任何并列连词和从句引导词时，则一般隐藏了一个定语从句，从两个毫不相干的名词中间分开来就可找出定语从句来。）,西安电子科技大
48、学,5. 4 定语从句,（1）关系代词在从句中作及物动词的宾语时,All clocks do is cause interrupts at well-defined intervals .,In this case the power in the load will be the maximum the source is capable of supplying .,西安电子科技大学,5. 4 定语从句,（2）关系代词在从句中作介词宾语而把介词置于从句末尾时（在科技文中不常见）,Copper is one of the metals we are most familiar with .,（3）在下述名词后可省去关系副词或“介词 + which”，也可用关系副词“that”来替代。,
