1、1292 中国医药工业杂志Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals 2013,44(12)氯雷他定合成工艺研究进展庄守群1,张广啦,医团1,王宏博1(1中国医药工业研究总院上海医药工业研究院,创新药物与制药工艺国家重点实验室,上海200437;2上海现代制药股份有限公司,上海200137)摘要:基于氯雷他定优异的临床表现,其合成一直受到国内外科研人员的广泛关注。主要经由两种重要中间体合成:(1-甲基一4一哌啶基)32一(3氯苯基)乙基2吡啶基一甲酮和8一氯一5,6一二氢-11H-苯并5,6环庚烷并1,2一b吡啶一11一酮。本文以此为主线,综合并评价了氯雷他定的合成工
2、艺。关键词:氯雷他定;抗组胺药;合成;综述中图分类号:R976 文献标志码:A 文章编号:10018255(2013)12129208Progress in the Synthesis of LoratadineZHUANG Shouqunl,ZHANG Guan91”,匡亟亘圃1,WANG Hongb01(,StateKeyLabofNewDrugandPharmaceuticalProcess,Shanghailnstitute ofPharmaceuticalIndustry,ChinaStateInstitute ofPharmaceuticalIndustry,Shanghai 20
3、0437,“2Shanghai Shyndec Pharmaceutical Co,LtdShanghai 200137)ABSTRACT:Because of the excellent clinical performance of loratadinegreat attentions have been paid to itssynthesis by domestic and overseas researcherThere are two important intermediates:(1-methyl-4一piperidinyl)-3一2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl
4、pyridine一2-y1methanone and 8-chloro-5,6-dihydro-11H-benzo5,6cyclohepta1,2-bpyridine一1 1一onein the synthesis process of loratadineThis paper reviews the synthetic routes of lorotadine based on theseintermediatesKev Words:loratadine;antihistamine drug;synthesis;review氯雷他定(10ratadine,1),化学名为4一(8氯5,6二氢1
5、1m苯并5,6环庚烷并1,2一b吡啶一1 1亚基)1一哌啶羧酸乙酯,由美国ScheringPlough公司于1988年在比利时首次开发上市,是一种长效非镇静三环类抗组胺药u,2 J。作为第二代抗组胺药的代表,1可竞争性抑制组胺H,受体,抑制组胺所引起的过敏症状,且无明显的抗胆碱和中枢抑制作用,临床疗效好,使用安全,市场占有率较高3|。1主要有两种合成方法,其重要中间体分别是(1一甲基一4哌啶基)3一2一(3氯苯基)乙基一2一吡啶基甲酮(2)、8氯一5,6二氢1lH-苯并5,6环庚烷并1,2一b吡啶一11酮(3,以下简称三环酮)。13的结构式见图1。本文将以这两种中间体为收稿日期:201310-
6、1l作者简介:庄守群(1988一),男,硕士研究生,专业方向:药物合Teh 02155514600x240Email:shouqun126com主线,综述并评价1的合成工艺。C02Et CH31 2 3图1 13的结构式1先构建2,再合成l文献2u提出用2氰基一3甲基吡啶(4)合成1的方法:4依次经Ritter反应、间氯苄氯缩合、POCl,回流、格氏反应及水解得2盐酸盐(2a),2a再通过环合(条件见表1)、yon Braun反应制得1(图2)。该路线使用超酸环合,温度易于控制,副反应相对较少,但TfOH相对昂贵,三氟甲磺酸盐后处理麻烦,超酸毒性较强,工业化需引进特殊昂贵设备。同时,7和格氏试
7、剂的反应会生成约万方数据中国医药工业杂志Chinese Journalof Pharmaceuticals2013,44(12)30的1,6一加成副产物2b;超酸环合时,会产生5,6一脱氢成烯的副产物,总收率降低,且增加了分离纯化的难度。另外,yon Braun反应会产生有毒气体氯甲烷,排放之前须化学分解,操作繁琐。文献旧引用4先与2一氨基2一甲基一1丙醇(9)环合得嗯唑啉环10(大概有3的ll生成,11与三甲基磺酰氯反应可重新环合为10),10与间氯苄氯缩合,经格氏反应、3 l盐酸回流水解可得2。2按照图2方法经环合、yon Braun反应即可制得1。表1不同环合体系反应情况环合体系 刀 环
8、合蝌 专黧尹HEBF3叭1“ 一35 92 65ppAt5121目 189190 49 24TfOH7,8t16”,2】 9095 65 37也B03,H2so,,TsOH105110 85 一该法主要优点是13与格氏试剂加成的两个产物无需分离,均可进一步水解制得化合物2(图3)。呼孚絮n,剥CH32)HCl环合2a一CH38CH32a图2 1的合成路线聪3+H叱2N哄OH兰C1 Ua2b图3 1的合成路线C02Et1OHC1n一202l rt,CH31HFCH32HNHvD万方数据2先构建3,再合成121中间体3的合成根据环合底物的不同,可按下述思路制备3:酰胺闭环、水解得3;酰胺先转化为羧
9、酸,再闭环、水解得3;酰胺先转化为腈,再闭环、水解得3。211酰胺直接闭环水解以4为原料:文献3以4为原料按图2方法制得6后,经BF,HF直接环合为3(图4)。另外,吴范宏等瞳31使用含磷试剂,以路易斯酸为催化剂,对6环合,部分反应情况见表2。以2溴一3甲基吡啶(16)为原料:文献陋425用16依次与CO、1。5当量的苯胺和3一氯一6碘苄基溴缩合得18,18经甲基化反应、,zBuLi环合生成3,总收率30(图5)。Bernard等汜副提出如下路线:如上所得17经中国医药工业杂志Chinese Journalof Pharmaceuticals2013,44(12)BF3I-IForT幻Horl
10、)含磷试剂2)H20图4 3的合成方法表2不同体系条件下酰胺环合情况间氯苄氯烷基化、环合、水解得3(图6)。此后,Marc等273用16和PhNCO合成17,17经烷基化、环合,再用氢溴酸处理得到3氢溴酸盐,环合反应情况见表3。一吒为一滞a一取扮cH3c,N、Phu图6 3的合成路线表3不同酰胺环合体系反应情况环合体系 溶剂 环合收率 总收率(以17计)T幻HP,O卵FCMSA-H:0“ C2H。C12 80 69 56TfOHPOCl,一H,O“刨 PhCl 110 5 1 42PCI。A1CI,一H20”3 CH2C12 8085 61 50PCI;,AlCl3-HBr“ PhCl 85
11、59 45Schumacher等11 3指出,20可用4先于碱性条件下在乙醇中回流生成伯酰胺21,21再先后和苯胺、问氯苄氯缩合得到,收率19(图7)。另外文献出1提到可用20的氯代物22经PCI5A1CI,环合、水解制得3,收率71(图8)。9甲万方数据中国医药工业杂志Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals2013,44(12)X224。啬。鱼n-BuLi,NaBCIr, cl17图7 20的另一合成方法双玲d图8 3的合成方法24O1295以3一甲基一2吡啶甲酸(23)为原料:文献24281用23依次与对氯苯胺、间氯苄氯缩合得22,22再经环合、水解得3,收率
12、59,纯度95(图9)。212羧酸环合水解(图10)22图9 3的合成路线32NBSAIBN,ccl492ClOO4 37 【35】 383图10 3的合成路线等壤9嘶矿要睇矿9丽型Hg万方数据以4为原料:文献o以4为原料,按图2方法制得6。6经硫酸水解、HCI(COCl),AICI,环合、水解得3,环合收率79,总收率42。后有文献瞳州先将4水解为羧酸23,23直接加入2当量LDA,然后与间氯苄氯缩合(23也可先与LiOHH,0转化为羧酸锂盐,再加入1当量LDA与间氯苄氯完成缩合)得25,25经环合得3;苏熠东等叫按图2方法合成7后,用7经碱性水解、SOCl:AICl,环合得3,环合收率40
13、,总收率26;周婉珍等以6为原料,经von Braun酰胺降解、水解得25,25通过环合制得3;文献旧21提出由4合成3的方法:4先按图2方法合成化合物13,13经盐酸回流水解、环合得3。环合收率62,路线收率39。另外,该文献中同时还提到了另外一条以4为原料,合成3的方法:13在碱性条件下,与3一氯苄基氯或其类似物缩合得26,26与镁制成格氏试剂后,经分子内缩合、水解制得3。此后,谢艳等2J又提出4通过自由基反应、WittigHomer反应、水解、还原、环化反应合成3的新方法,收率20(均以4计)。以烟酸乙酯(32)为原料:文献纠报道32和间氯苯乙腈缩合、HBr回流水解脱羧、Wolff-Ki
14、shner还原、氧化、Reissert反应、水解、环合制得,或用7经PPA直接环合,均可制得3。Suri等州对该反应做了如下改进:34可由32先与间氯苯中国医药工业杂志Chinese Journalof Pharmaceuticals 2013,44(12)乙腈缩合,后经硫酸水解制得;Reissert反应改用KCNDMCC体系引入一氰基7水解为羧酸25后,经SOCl,A1CI,环合得3。以3甲基一2一吡啶甲酸(23)为原料:Doran等41由23先与间氯苄氯缩合,盐酸成盐得25的盐酸盐25a,后经(COCI):一Vilsmeier试剂A1CI,环合得3,环合收率94,总收率83,纯度99。以3
15、吡啶甲醛(37)为原料:Villani等351提出37可依次经WittigHorner反应、还原、氧化、Reissert反应、酰氯化及环合得3。213腈环合水解以4为原料:按图2方法用4合成7后,可经TfOH叫、PPAP205体系嘲或HFBF3嘲环合得3,环合收率分别为942H 78m3和76371(图11)。瓯V7 c1面TfOH,HCI图11 3的合成路线以3甲基2(-叔丁基)氨甲酰基吡啶(5)为原料:文献38 3用5和2一溴一5一氯苄溴经缩合、POCl,回流及与烷基金属化合物环合制得3(图12)。眵麓河c10盖 洲K 、N。试1“”“22由3合成1文献口94们用3与乙氧羰基哌啶4一酮在T
16、HF中经McMurry反应直接偶联得1,收率68,纯度98。此后,Stampa等H将反应溶剂改为吡啶,收率40。文献4引用MTiCl。(M为钾钠镁铝锌中的l2种,n=24)催化反应,收率可达72。司马利锋等H到对McMurry反应进行优化,以_甲基哌啶酮和氯甲酸乙酯原位生成乙氧羰基哌啶一4一酮,两步收率50。该反应使用的低价钛试剂可以进行回收利用,反应时间短,对环境基本无污染(图13)。文献眩4,28 3用3与41生成B羟基磷酸酯42,42在高沸点溶剂中回流即可生成1,收率71。该法终产物需蒸馏纯化若干次,最后重结晶除去溶剂、未反应的底物及含磷杂质,产物损失大,操作繁琐,且不易控制(图14)。
17、邻,万方数据中国医药工业杂志Chinese Journal of Pharmaceuticals 2013,44(12)图13 1的合成路线C02Et1文献1944461用3经格氏反应、硫酸脱水及vonBraun反应(使用DIPEA为缚酸剂),粗品先用21 3)2 3)HOA。O31297盐酸调至pH 5055再后处理制得1,收率可达87,纯度991m3;文献47,48将DIPEA改为三乙胺,并将pH调至90再后处理,收率47,纯度999(均以43计)(图15)。23其他Tamarang等H引用44先与P(OCH3)3反应得磷酸酯45,45与哌啶酮发生WittigHorner反应生成1,收率7
18、8(以44计),纯度99以上(图16)。回流C02Et42图14 1的合成路线CHl81的合成路线c孚c鱼45图16 1的合成路线文献50,51用5与2一溴5一氯苄溴经缩合、硫酸水解、硼氢化钠还原、氯化亚砜氯代、P(OCH,),成酯、WittigHorner反应及环合反应等制得1,总收率约3(以5计)。其中P(OCH3)3及Wittig-Horner试剂毒性较大,产生易燃易爆的氢气,路线较长,总收率过低,不利于工业化生产(图17)。3结论C综上所述,先构建2再合成1的方法,存在收率较低,原料成本较高,异构体难分离等缺点;先构建3再合成1报道较多,路线相对成熟,但环合一步,对收率以及反应选择性都
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