1、非谓语充当句子成分的区分,主语-Ving&to do,To do:具体的某一次动作或将来动作，强调的是动作的本身。 Ving：一般的，抽象的，泛指的概念或一个已经完成的动作，强调的是事情本身。 试辨析： To visit China is my next goal. To look after these naughty boys is really difficult. Climbing mountains is great fun. Collecting stamps can enlarge ones knowledge.,宾语-to do& ving,1）相差不大的类型 Like, ha
2、te, begin, start, prefer, continue等。 After a short rest, she started working/to work. I prefer walking/to walk to school. Despite the difficulties, we continued doing/to do the research. 2）相差很大的类型 Try, regret, forget, remember, mean等。 Try to do sth 尽力做某事 try doing sth试着做某事 He tried to stand up but f
3、ailed. Lets try telling him about the sad news. regret to do sth对将要做的事感到抱歉或遗憾，regret doing sth对已发生的事感到遗憾或后悔 I regret to tell you that I cant come, I really regret missing/ have missed his lecture. forget to do sth 忘记去做某事 forget doing sth 忘记了做过的事情 remember to do & remember doing sth mean to do sth打算做
4、某事 mean doing sth意味着做某事 I meant to buy some bread, but I forgot. Wasting time means killing life.,介词的宾语,介词的宾语一般由动名词充当，独立的不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，但“疑问词+不定式”可以。 试辨析 She devoted her whole life to teaching. I hope you can get used to living here as soon as possible. He gave me advice on how to quit smoking. Were
5、talking about where to set up a school shopping center.,表语,不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”； 表示一定的概念，具有名词的性质，不定式与动名词互换。 My hobby is collecting/ to collect ancient coins. My part-time job is teaching/ to teach yoga in school. 表示具体的，个别的动作，或含有将来含义时，一般用不定式. The plan is to set aside a day for the interv
6、iew. My wish is to find a part-time job this summer. Our aim is to help the old lead a happy life. 现在分词与过去分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 现在分词表示自身的性质，过去分词表示外因使之具备的性质或特征。 Your speech is very encouraging. The story is very moving. I was disappointed at this decision. The child was frightened to see the d
7、og. 试辨析 1、His job is to paint the walls. 他的工作是粉刷这些墙 2、His job is painting walls. 他的工作是粉刷墙,定语,不定式表示未发生的动作，或通常发生的动作，一般放在被修饰词后面。 The next thing to do is to encourage Mary to walk on. The school to be built next month is intended for disabled children. He is always the first to come and the last to leav
8、e. 动名词作定语，一般表示用途，一般放在被修饰词的前面 A walking stick a measuring tape a washing machine a reading room 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动 单个分词作定语往往放在被修饰词前面，分词短语多置于被修饰词后面 Fallen leaves falling tree changed situation changing situation Developed country developing country boring meeting broken cup The man reading the newspape
9、r there is our English teacher. The English spoken in America is a little different from that in English., to be done(to do一般被动)：即将被做 being done（动名词一般被动）：正在被做 done（过去分词）：已被做完，或表示完成 having been done（现在分词完成被动）：非限定定语，逗号与被修饰词隔开。 试辨析 The question to be discussed tomorrow involves pollution. The question
10、being discussed now involves pollution. The question discussed yesterday involves pollution. The question, having been discussed for many years, involves pollution.,定语-注意事项,1)现在分词的完成式一般不做定语，除非为非限定性定语(having done, having been done) The question having been discussed for many years has now been solved
11、. The question discussed(=which has been discussed) for many years has now been solved. The question, having been discussed for many years, has now been solved. 2)短暂性动词的ing形式一般式一般不可以作后置定语。 Most of the people being invited to the party were famous scientists. Most of the people invited to the party w
12、ere famous scientists. 3)being+adj不能单独作后置定语 Anyone being fit for this job can sign your name here. Anyone(who is) fit for this job can sign your name here.,状语,To do 在作为结果状语一般表示出乎意料的情况，常见结构有tooto, enough to等。不定式前可以加only作强调。 Ving现在分词作为状语主要表示一种顺其自然的情况（前面是后面的原因） 试辨析 He left home, never to return. We arr
13、ived there only to find the meeting over. The rain lasted a week, causing great damage. The pop star didnt turn up, disappointing all her fans. The room are all large enough to take a third bed.,done, being done, having been done作为状语的区别 being done（动名词一般被动）：表示伴随状语，一般被done取代 done（过去分词）：已被做完，或表示完成 havi
14、ng been done（现在分词完成被动）：强调主句动作已经完成，或已经持续一段时间的动作或状态，如果不强调时间先后，或动作持续，直接用done 试辨析 The boy was running along the street, (being)followed by a dog. (Being) Led by the local guide, we went further into the forest. Brought up abroad, he knows little about his hometown. Having been well tended for half a yea
15、r, the patient became far better.,补足语,to do VS Ving 现在分词 Ving现在分词说明宾语的正在进行的动作或宾语的特性 To do表示的是动作的整个过程 I saw him enter the hall. I saw him walking into the hall. done VS to be done (不定式被动一般) Done强调动作的结果， To be done 强调动作的过程 （但是在want, wish, desire, like, expect, would like, would prefer等表示意愿的动词后的宾补如果用to
16、 be done,省略to be，从而使句子的语气更显得坚决） 试辨析 We would like all the walls(to be) painted white. I dont like such things (to be )discussed this way. Every one of us would expect our salaries(to be) raised. We all dont want the land (to be) built on.,1. My daughter stopped screaming immediately and looked up at
17、 me with tears _(roll) down her cheeks.,1rolling 句意：我女儿马上就停止了尖叫，抬头看着我，泪水顺着她的脸颊滑落。这里使用了with 的复合结构，其中的名词tears 与动词roll 是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词形式,I have learned a lot about Asian customs, _(live) in the small village for three years in the early 1990s.,2. having lived 句意：20世纪90年代，我在这个小村庄里居住了三年后对亚洲的风俗习惯了解了很多。非谓
18、语动词的逻辑主语是I，与live 之间构成主谓关系，同时根据for three years 可知，应用完成时态。,_ (please) with the effect of the color change, the woman smiled with satisfaction.,3Pleased 句意：这位女士对颜色变化的效果感到很高兴，满意地笑了。此处非谓语动词的逻辑主语是the woman，与please 之间构成动宾关系，所以用过去分词Pleased。,_(take) according to the instructions, the medicine will work for y
19、our headache.,4Taken 句意：按照说明书服药，这个药会对你的头疼起到作用的。the medicine 与 take 之间是动宾关系，故用take 的过去分词形式。,The measures I suggested _ (improve) the air quality have been adopted by the government.,6to improve 分析句子结构可知，空处为The measures 的后置定语，因此使用不定式形式。the measures to improve the air quality 表示“提高空气质量的措施”。I suggested
20、为定语从句，修饰先行词The measures，解题时不要受suggest doing 短语搭配的干扰。,The document film _ (release) next week aims at introducing local cultures to the world.,7to be released 此处为非谓语动词做后置定语，且film 与release 之间为被动关系，根据句中时间状语next week 可知表示将来的动作，故用不定式的被动形式。,All the passengers, please put the trash and waste in the plastic
21、 bags _(provide) on your right.,10provided 句意：各位乘客，请把垃圾和废物放进给你们提供的塑料袋里，就在各位的右手边。这里用provide 的过去分词形式做定语，表示被动和完成。,He drank up the whole bottle of milk, not _(leave) even a drop to his little brother.,15leaving 句意：他喝完了整瓶的牛奶，甚至一滴也没留给他弟弟。leave 和 He 之间是主谓关系，故用现在分词形式做结果状语,People from all the corners came to
22、 the city center, _ (make) it very crowded.,23making 句意：来自各个角落的人都来到了市中心，这使市中心非常拥挤。make 与前面的句子为逻辑上的主动关系，故答案为making,He survived the crash, only _ (die) in the desert.,25to die 句意：飞机失事他逃过一劫，但却在沙漠中丧生了。“only不定式”表示事与愿违的结果。,The shop owner will get all these goods ordered _(deliver) to the customers today.,33delivered 句意：这位店主今天将把所有这些订货送到顾客手中。首先要弄清题干中的ordered 为后置定语，修饰these goods，设空处作宾补。宾语goods 与 deliver 间为逻辑上的被动关系，故答案为delivered, 构成get sth. done 形式。,
