1、镀金时代美国的腐败及解决,镀金时代 (Gilded Age),镀金时代是马克吐温（Mark Twain）于1873年发表的一部小说，揭露了在经济繁荣的背景下，投机家、企业家和政府官吏三位一体掠夺财富的黑幕。后来这一概念成为19世纪最后三十年的代称和缩影。,一、镀金时代的腐败,（一）城市管理的腐败问题,William Tweed， known as Boss Tweed, was an American politician and political boss of Tammany Hall who became an icon of urban political machines.,Cit
2、y Boss,A boss, in cities, is a person who wields the power over a particular city. Bosses may dictate voting patterns, control appointments, and wield considerable influence in other political processes.,Tweeds greatest influence came from being an appointed member of a number of boards and commissi
3、ons, his control over political patronage in New York City.-http:/en.wikipedia.org,Tweeds ring began construction of a new county courthouse, on which $11 million was spent. Nearly $3 million went to a man named Garvey for plastering. Tweed approved the purchase of so many chairs, at about $2000 eac
4、h, much higher than the real price.-A History of the American People,p528,At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railroad, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hot
5、el-http:/en.wikipedia.org,Philadelphia :James McManes ,nickname:King Boston: Martin Lomasney; nickname: Czar Washington: Alexander Shephard Albany, Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh,在19世纪末20世纪初，美国大多数城市都被政治核心小集团所控制，其首领被称为“城市老板”。-转型时期美国城市的政治腐败及其改革 在18701945年间，美国大多城市都有老板及其“政治机器”的活动，其覆盖率达到了63.4%。-特威德模式对美国
6、“城市老板的误导”,（二）联邦行政腐败,Ulysses S. Grant,Corruptions was rampant in the Navy Department, where political favoritism dictated everything from the employment of workers in the shipyards to the contracts for the construction of new vessels.-A History of the American People,p529,There were 11 scandals direc
7、tly associated with Grants two terms. The main scandals included Black Friday in 1869, the Whiskey Ring in 1875, and his Secretary of War William Belknaps resignation, House impeachment, and Senate trial in 1876 over accepting illicit payments from the Fort Sill tradership.,The primary instigator an
8、d contributor to many of these scandals was Grants personal secretary, Orville E. Babcock, who indirectly controlled many cabinet departments and was able to delay investigations by reformers,The Crdit Mobilier scandal was exposed by Congress, during the Grant Administration in 1872; the involvement
9、 of Vice-President Schuyler Colfax was an embarrassment to the Administration,President Grant faced financial corruption charges or scandals in all federal departments during his two terms in office .,Of all the scandals ,the closest to the White House was the Whiskey Ringwhen Grant first learned of
10、 the scandal, he urged, “Let no guilty man escape.” But as it became clear that his close friends and his personal staff were involved, he did everything he could to block further investigation.-A History of the American People,p529,二、腐败的解决,(一)、新闻界：,Muckraker,The term muckraker refers to reform-mind
11、ed journalists who wrote largely for popular magazines, continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting. Before World War I, the term “muckraker“ was used to refer in a general sense to a writer who investigates and publishes truthful reports to perform an auditing or watchdog function.,
12、Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities,Upton Sinclair The Jungle,Ida Tarbell History of the Standard Oil Company,Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives,(二)文学界：,Exposure,Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie , An American Tragedy,Jack London Martin Eden , The Call of the Wild,（三）民众：,The settlement movement w
13、as a reformist social movement, beginning in the 1880s and peaking around the 1920s in England and the US, with a goal of getting the rich and poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community.,Social Settlement,Its main object was the establishment of “settlement houses”
14、in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class “settlement workers” would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of their low-income neighbors. The “settlement houses” provided services such as daycare, education, and healthcare to improve the lives of the
15、poor in these areas.,Laura Jane Addams,Laura Jane Addams （18601935 ）,（四）政府：,1.、市政改革（Municiple Reformaation） 驱除“党棍”，选出进步市长，组成“诚实政府(Honest Goverment)” 进行市政机构改革，“还政于民” 1913年俄亥俄州的代顿(Dayton)实行市政经理制(City of Manager Plan),Reformation,（四）政府：Reformation,2、州级改革（State Reformation） 威斯康星州(Wisconsin)推行“威斯康星观念” (W
16、isconsin Idea) 新泽西州的“新思想运动” 爱俄华（Iowa）、印第安纳(Indiana )、加利福尼亚(California )、俄勒冈(Oregon),3、联邦政府的改革,Theodore Roosevelt（ 18581919）,西奥多罗斯福,第26任总统(19011908)，共和党。 20世纪美国第一个实行改革的总统。 向城市腐败开战 限制垄断资本，1903年通过了1890年谢尔曼反托拉斯法的修正案，进一步扩大了总统干预经济的权力；,三、认识,美国对腐败的题的处理是社会各阶层发起、政府积极参与的资产阶级改革运动，目的在于消除美国从“自由”资本主义过渡到垄断资本主义所引起的种种社会弊端，重建社会价值体系和经济秩序。,Thanks!,
