1、Abstract writingBy Shao jiaqing,国际医学杂志编辑委员会 ICMJE,生物医学杂志投稿统一要求 Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals (URMSBJ),医学科研论文的格式,医学科研论文必须具备以下几个部分： （1）标题（title） （2）摘要（abstract） （3）引言（introduction） （4）材料和方法（materials and methods） （5）结果（results） （6）讨论（discussion） （7）致谢（acknowledg
2、ement） （8）参考文献（references）,一、标题,（一）要求 1简明扼要（short and concise） （1）尽量控制在一行，但不是一个句子 （2）不超过25个单词或120-140个字母 （3）除DNA、RNA、CT等不用缩写 2信息丰富(informative) 3便于索引（indexing） 4较长标题可采用副标题,标题通常为名词短语 一般不包含谓语动词 疑问句时，可以使用谓语动词。,（二）标题写作中注意点,（二）标题写作中常用词组和表达方式,1用（方法手段）对进行研究分析观察评价：Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/asses
3、sment) of (on) (by) using 方法/ with工具）In vivo study of pituitary enlargement in normal pregnancy using magnetic resonance imaging 2A对B的作用Effect of A on B Protective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury 3A与B的关系Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and BCorrelation
4、of A with B and C Positive correlation of CD44v6 expression with invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer,（二）标题写作中常用词组和表达方式,4用治疗Use of in the treatment of (病）in （生物）Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer 5A是BA as BC-reactive protein as a predictor of myocardial infarction in ICU patien
5、ts.,title写作举例,Retinal arteriolar change is an indicator of coronary artery disease.Retinal arteriolar change as an indicator of coronary artery disease.,title写作举例,Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL. High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia,titl
6、e写作举例,A study of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure Diet potassium and blood pressure,title写作举例,A retrospective study on 170 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study on 170 consecutiv
7、e cases,title写作举例,Use MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during normal pregnancy Pituitary gland enlargement during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging,title写作举例,A preliminary study on doses, duration and side effects of Vitamine
8、 D in prevention of colon cancerVitamine D and prevention of colon cancer : Doses, duration and side effects,title写作举例,A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literaturesPancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature,title写作举例,Is chro
9、nic abdominal pain a surgical symptom or a psychiatric symptom ?Chronic abdominal pain : A surgical or psychiatric symptom?Leptin: An independent risk factor of insulin resistance?,Reduced plasma tissue type plasminogen activator in acute coronary syndrome patients with vulnerable plaque 伴有不稳定性斑块的急性
10、冠脉综合征患者血浆组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂下降,Reduced plasma tissue type plasminogen activator as a predictor of vulnerable plaque in patients with acute coronary syndrome 血浆组织型纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂下降是急性冠脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的预测指标,修改后：,Relationship between tissue type plasminogen activator and coronary vulnerable plaque in patients with ac
11、ute coronary syndrome,原题目：,Studies on Investigation on Preliminary observation on The significance of A case report of ,不要使用无意义的词,Experiment study on the effect of Sheng-Mai injection on the contractivity of diaphragm and its mechanism,Effect of Sheng-Mai injection on the contractivity of diaphragm
12、in rats,Study on the detection host cellular immunity after inoculation of human cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine by flow cytometry,Host cellular immunity after inoculation of human cytomegalovirus DNA vaccine analyzed by flow cytometry in mice,VII. 英文题目,修改后：,原题目：,修改后：,原题目：,Abstract,目的（objective / purpos
13、e / aim） 方法（materials and methods） 结果（results） 结论（conclusion）,论文摘要的作用：,“The function of the abstract of a scientific paper is to provide an overview of the paper so that the readers know the main story and a few essential details of your work without reading the whole text of the paper. The abstract
14、 should make sense both when read alone and when read with the paper.” URMSBJ,摘要写作中的注意事项,冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则，即当我们用the时，听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。 例如：The machine is operated with (the) solar energy.,摘要写作中的注意事项,1）特指双方都明白的人或物： Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 2）
15、上文提到过的人或事： He bought a house. Ive been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3）指世上独一物二的事物： the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth 4）单数名词连用表示一类事物: 如：the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich 富人; the living 生者。,摘要写作中的注意事项,5）用在序数词和形容词最高级，及形容词only， very， same等前面： Where do you live? I live on the second
16、 floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体： They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师) 7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表身体部位的名词前： She caught me by the arm 她抓住了我的手臂。 8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前： the Peoples Republic of C
17、hina 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国,摘要写作中的注意事项,9）用在表示乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人： the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中： in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water，field，country) in t
18、he dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre,摘要写作中的注意事项,目录、标题中通常省略冠词 图、表的题目中有时可省略冠词 化学药品、化学物质前通常不加冠词 图的横、纵坐标轴的名称前一般不加冠词,数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词，如：Three hundred are collected中的 Three hundred不要写成300. 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。,摘要写作中的注意事项,
19、datum data bacterium bacteria medium media criterion criteria mitochondrion mitochondria nucleus nuclei analysis analyses diagnosis diagnoses,摘要写作中的注意事项,摘要中时态的应用：,1）目的：背景介绍：一般现在时或现在完成时；目的说明：一般现在时，现在完成时，或一般过去时。2）材料、方法和结果：一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况,例 “At the end of pregnancy, the hypoph
20、ysis had increased 2.6mm in vertical”。3）结论：凡陈述研究的材料、方法和结果时，一律用过去时；分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意见时，如果作者认为具有普遍意义，可用现在时；如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性，则用一般过去时。,一、目的 objective / aim/ purpose /goal (s),一、目的构成 （1）目的 （2）背景目的 二、目的常用时态 （1）背景：一般现在时、现在完成时 （2）目的：一般现在时，现在完成时，或一般过去时举例： （1）To evaluate the effects on 24-ho
21、ur intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients. （2）The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigated the role of omeprazol
22、e and influence of primary H. pylori resistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance.,目的中描述背景常用句型,表否定 remain unclearThe impact of on is not clearly understood.The role of in is unclear, but the details are unclearIt is unclear / unknown whether There is/has been little information
23、regarding / about / concerning ,目的中描述背景常用句型,表争议 remain controversial equivocal debatableThe management of is controversial There are controversies over / have been conflicting results on,目的中描述背景常用句型,表肯定 Studies have shown that demonstrated documented It has been suggested that is believedhypothesize
24、dpostulatedassumed,目的中描述背景常用句型,表可能 may contributed to be associated with be related to ,目的中介绍目的常用句型,A 一般过去时、被动语态 The purpose of this study was to aim investigation goalobjective This study was designed to undertaken toperformed toconducted tocarried out tointended to,举例,The aim of this study was to
25、determine the protective function of omeprazole on gastric mucosal injury3 The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic predisposition to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome Our objective in this report i
26、s to examine the clinical feature, pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate ,目的中介绍目的常用句型,B 动词不定式短语 To evaluate the use ofinvestigate the effect on study how.examineobserveexploreanalyzedetermine,目的中介绍目的常用句型,B 动词不
27、定式短语 To demonstrate testproveexplainelucidateestablishdevelopsearch for set out,举例,To evaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency room patients with abdominal trauma. To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury,目的中介绍目的常用句型,C 一般过去时、主动语态 We（the au
28、thors）conducted a study toaimed to attempted to To determine， we studied In an attempt to，we carried out a study in order to，seek-sought 探求、寻求 举例：We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among individuals who work in certain industries occupations.,方 法 (Materials and Me
29、thods),描述方法常用句型,方法部分 （1）研究设计： Prospective, Retrospective, Cohort，Case- control，in vivo, in vitro （2）研究对象的特性 （3）干预或处理方法 （4）测定或观察方法,描述方法常用句型,一、 研究对象的选择、来源及标准 1纳入研究：were recruited /enrolled in/selected (randomly)/ included / assigned toPatients participated in/ underwent 举例：A total of 169 patients were
30、 included in the study, 83 of whom received 2排除或退出研究：were excluded from participation，withdrew from the study due to/because to 举例：Patients with significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded,描述方法常用句型,二、 研究对象的分组 1 were divided into/classified into 2 were stratified /classified into 3 were divide
31、d randomly 4 were randomized into 5 were divided equally into举例：Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1 Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, ,描述方法常用句型,三、 年龄 1某一年
32、龄a 50-year-old patienta patient aged 50 yearsa patient at 50 years of agea patient at the age of 50 years a patient at the age of 50 years old ,描述方法常用句型,2在某年龄范围内及平均年龄 举例：Patients range in age from to, with a mean of (50 years)aged 40 to 50 yearspatients (age 263 years),描述方法常用句型,3在某一年龄以上或以下 Over/ aft
33、er / more than Under/ below /less than 举例：Patients more than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years.,描述方法常用句型,四、 性别、时间 1性别 twelve patients (7 men and 5 women ) twelve patients (7 male and 5 female ) The male-to-female ratio was 1:4 SD rats of both sex / either sex,描述方法常用句型,2时间 Body weight was m
34、easured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. ,描述方法常用句型,五、 诊断、治疗、检查 1诊断 be diagnosed as having be diagnosed as by /with 2治疗 be treated with(alone or in combination with ) be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis (patients) were assigned to (different treatment),描述方法常用句型,（1）Pati
35、ents (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, （2）50 patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to receive one of the four treatment regimens. ,描述方法常用句型,3、 检查方
36、法was performed（used） in (on)patients我们对患者施行（应用）了(patients) underwentendoscopy (患者)进行了内镜检查,描述方法常用句型,Using(technique)，we studied 我们用(技术)研究了 was(were)measured using (我们)用测定了 was(were)analyzed （reviewed） by (我们)用分析（回顾）了 was(were)treated with (我们)用治疗了,结 果 (Results),描述结果常用句型,A 一般句型 The results showed that
37、 结果表明demonstratedrevealed indicatedsuggested It was found /observed that (我们)发现 We found /observed that,描述结果常用句型,A 一般句型 举例：The results showed that Doppler technique was 79 percent sensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate.,描述结果常用句型,B 增加或减少 增加或减少 （1）表示数值增加的动词：increase, rise, elevate （2）表
38、示数值增加的名词：increase, increment, elevation （3）表示数值减少的动词：decrease, reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower （4）表示数值减少的名词：decrease, decrement, reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering,描述结果常用句型,B 增加或减少 decreased by(40)降低(40) (a 70) reduction inwas observed 观察到降低(70) There was a(15) elevation in增高(15) resulted i
39、n (a marked) increase in 导致(明显)增高 was lowered fromto 从下降到,描述结果常用句型,B 增加或减少 倍数比较 （1）增加或减少3倍：increased by 3 fold (times). a 3-fold increase （2）A 是 B的3倍：A was 3 fold (times) asas B. A was 3 fold (times) B,描述结果常用句型,C 相关 A was positively related to Bclosely associated withcorrelated with There was a sign
40、ificant strong relationship /correlation between A and B. There was a close relation of A with B and C A negative correlation was found betweenand 发现与呈负相关表示相互关系的常用词还有relationship(关系)，association(联系),描述结果常用句型,C 相关 举例：Insulin sensitivity index was negatively associated with blood velocity (r=0.530, P0
41、.05), body mass index (r=o.563, P0.01) and baseline insulinemia (r=0.489, P0.05),描述结果常用句型,D 差别 There were no significant differences betweenand 之间无显著差别 No significant differences were found（observed） betweenand 与之间无显著差别 The difference in between A and B was significant A was significantly different
42、from B in P value P 值（需写出具体数字）,描述结果常用句型,D 差别 举例： （1）There were no significant differences between treatment groups in symptoms and lung function (P0.05). （2）Significant differences were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDL peak particle diameter before and after treatment,描述结果常用句型,E 表示
43、改善或保持 demonstrated a significant improvement in 方面呈明显改善 动词：improve/ ameliorate/ relieve/ attenuate/mitigate 名词： improvement/amelioration/relief/attenuation/mitigation values returned to (preoperative)levels 值恢复到(手术前)水平 remained at a mean of 保持在,结 论 Conclusion,描述结论常用句型,A 常用句型 These results suggest th
44、at结果提示 These findings indicate that 这些发现表明 The results support the concept that 结果支持的概念 Our observations confirm that 我们的观察证实 imply(提示)，demonstrate(证明)和illustrate(说明),描述结论常用句型,A 常用句型结果转向结论 Thus，therefore，hence 因此， In conclusion最后， From this study，we conclude that根据本项研究，我们的结论是 These findings，coupled
45、with the observation that，suggest that这些发现连同对的观察结果一起，提示,描述结论常用句型,B 做出结论或建议 We conclude that 我们的结论是 We suggest that我们建议 We believe that 我们认为 We postulate that我们设想 It is concluded that 结论是 It is suggested （proposed）that 结果提示，建议（虚拟语气） It is recommended that 建议,描述结论常用句型,C 表达今后方向 The mechanisms by whichr
46、emain to be investigated关于的机制仍需研究 Further studies are necessary to (evaluate) 有必要进一步研究，以(评价),描述结论常用句型,举例：Our findings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease 指示性说明-现在时，but only a few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation of injection drug use 本试验过程中发生的事-过去时. Antiviral tr
47、eatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression of diseases is indicated in this group of patients 作者认为具有普遍意义的结论-现在时.,描述结论常用句型,举例：These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria. These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentr
48、ation cause mood disturbance. There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.,描述结论常用句型,举例：The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis. However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.This is the first case, to our knowledge, of beta-cell carcinoma.,Thank you!,
