1、1L4 Unit 2-1Listening 物种、环境The earth was born about 4.6 million years ago. The first life appeared about a billion years later. The first plant didnt appear until around 2 billion years ago. Until around 580 million years ago, life formedweresmall and microscopic (微笑的 ). Since that time, lives has e
2、volved to many different types and species. However, scientists estimate that more than 99% of them are now extinct.They have been several extinction events in the history of the earth. In the extinction event, many life forms or species of life die out. The causes of the massive extinction events a
3、re unsoughtmystery. These events are not predictable and can happen at any time. Scientists think that some of that started by asteroid pass or volcano corruption. Events like this, can change the global conditions that life depends on.One major extinction event, happened about 66 million years ago.
4、 That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the earth. As a result, the dinosaurs and about half of the all species on the planet, died out. When the asteroid hit the earth, it started a chain of events. A chain of event is a series of events linked together, like a chain.These pa
5、rticular chain of events happened over a period of months and years. When the asteroid hit the earth, it caused huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere. This cloud of dust blocked the sun and darken the earth for a period of months. Without enoughsunlight, plants and plant-eating animals, quickly
6、 died. With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed . This led to the deaths of many more species.Mass extinction events had played important part in the evolution of life. In fact, some extinction events had helped to accelerate evolution. For example, some mammals lived
7、to the age of dinosaurs, but they couldnt compete. When the dinosaurs were removed, the mammals were able to compete more successfully. Once they could compete, mammal evolved to a higher state. Without the extinction event, perhaps we wouldnt be here today.Scientist estimate that there have been at
8、 least 5 massive extinctions in the pass 540 million years. They also believed that we had entered a new extinction event. Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before. Instead of the asteroid and volcano corruptions, the current event is the result of human activities. Human activ
9、ities, for example, had led to global warming.Global warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases in our atmosphere. These gases trap heat from the sun, so the earth is getting warmer. As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns are changing. In addition, we humans are destroying
10、 habitats of many plants and animals. Cutting down forest and polluting rivers destroys the habitats of many forms of life.There is no longer any doubt that this is happening. Specials of lives are disappearing at an increasing rate. Global temperatures are rising and weather patterns are changing.
11、Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future. If we dont act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.2L4 Unit 2-1 vocabulary 身体系统、产业、技术The body circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps the bloods to all parts of body through a network of arte
12、ries and vein.The digestive system breaks down and absorbs food into the body. It supplies the energy that the body need s for growth and repair. After digestion, excess food is turned into waste and eliminated from the body.The nervous system includes the brain, spinal cordand nerves. This is your
13、control system. It controls your muscles and organs included your circulatory system and digestive system.The respiratory system includes your nose and lungs. It brings air and oxygen into your body and remove the carbon dioxide from the body. The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream and ca
14、rbon dioxide is removed.Immune system protects body against the infections and diseases. Sneezing and fever are examples of how the immune systems works. If the infection invades the body and the immune system attacks it.The control use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in the colder c
15、limates. Fire provided the light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the invention of agriculture, people can grow food and settle into communities. By growing food, people can spend less time hunting and more time on other things, such as art.The domestication of animals a
16、llows people to raise and use animals for food and work. By raise herds of animals, such as sheep, people have regular supply of meat and clothing. The strength of animals such as horses and oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in a more fashio
17、n manufacturing and construction. With better tools and machines, works can be done with fewer people and much lower cost.The development of science and engineering has improved many thing including communications. With understanding of electricity, telephone and radios allow people to communicate o
18、ver long distances.The use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.3L4 Unit 2-1 dialogue 谈论手机和老板Itook a vacation last night.What are you talking about. Where did you take the vacation.I didnt go anywhere. i just left with my smartphone.How was it.It was great. I got a real
19、 magazine and read it with no interpretation . It was very peaceful. Yes, I havent done that for a long time.You know what, I begin to hate smartphone.Really, but you cant live without one, right.Yes, thats the problem.This change the way people live.Yes, I just so on documentary about that. A husba
20、nd was complaining his wife that she was spending too much time on her smartphone.What happened, did they get divorced.You guess it. In the end, they got divorced.It is a bit ironic , dont you think. Smartphones were supposed to bring people together but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are ri
21、ght.Hey, just a minute, Ive a message on smartphone and it cant wait.Hey, wake up and get back to work.Whats wrong with you.I m on my break sir and I had a bad headache.Well, youre not paying you to sleep.If youre going to sleep, sleep some places else.Yes, sir, it wont happen again.You had better n
22、ot.Just a minute. Dont tell me like that.What did you say.You hurt me, you dont have to treat people like that.Well, if you dont like it, I suggest you leave.Ok, I will. I pet enough of you. I will get a job somewhere else.4L4 Unit 2-2 Listening 概率、角度This man is holding a piece of food in this hand.
23、 The piece of food is either an orange or an apple. What cant see which its because we can see inside the box. The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple. It may be an apple or it may be an orange. Its going to be one or the other. It cant be anything else.N
24、ow lets look at it from the mans point of view. From his point of view, the probability is different. From his point of view, the possibility that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. Thats because he knows what he has. For hi m, that is not uncertainty. If he has an orange, the probability is 100%. If h
25、e doesnt have an orange, the probability is 0%. He either has it or he doesnt.From our point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 50%. From his point of view, the probability that he has an orange is 100% or 0%. So the probability depends on the point of view.People see things from diff
26、erent points of view. This often leads to arguments between the people. Here are some examples. From his mans point of view, he is relaxing. He needs to relax because he has been working too hard. He hasnt been getting sleep. His wife see things differently. She isnt aware of how hard he has been wo
27、rking. From her point of view, he is doing nothing. However, she knows what needs to be done around the house. It isnt fair that she has to work while he does nothing. When people see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusion. This differences can cause real commu
28、nication problems.L4 Unit 2-2 vocabulary 自然灾害、宗教Earthquakes are caused by forces deep within the earth. When the earth shakes, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid, violent release of energy. Explosions can be caused by chemical reaction, such as inside the
29、engine. A spark can ignite a mixture of gases and release energy for good anddestructive purposes.Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful. One major cause of accident is driving too fast. Accidentswith fire can be very serious, and can result in very painful
30、 injuries.Epidemics are the rapid spread of a disease, such as the flu and Ebola. Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people. Storms are caused by changes in atmosphere, and result in high winds and heavy rains. Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the atmosphere, that p
31、roduce lightening, which can cause forest fire. Some storms cause flooding, and major damage to homes and cities.Followers of thelslam religions are called Muslims. These Muslims are prayer inside the Moses. Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day, beginning just before sunrise.5Christianityis ba
32、sed on the teaching of Jesus crisis, who lived more than 2000 years ago. Christian believe that Jesus is the son of god. Christians are often gathering in churchesor cathedralsto worship.Followers of Judaism are called Jews. These Jews are meeting inside the synagogue , which is a place of worship a
33、nd study. Judaism was founded over 35 hundreds years ago, in the middle east. Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses, whom they believe its the most important prophet.Buddhism began in India and is based on the teachings of Buddha. The religion is about 25 hundred years old. Some Buddhists practi
34、ce a form of meditation in which they empty their mind of any thoughts.Hinduism is the worlds third most popular religion and is the main religion of India. Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many briefs. Some Hindus believe in a circle of birth, life, death and rebirth.L4 Unit 2-2 dialogue
35、 谈论失踪客机Do you have any more information about the location of the missing aircraft?Not, we dont. the only information we had was it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft.The last communication was about 15 minutes before it just disappeared.Was there anything usual in the c
36、ommunication.Not, there was anything usual. Nothing pointed it any kind of problem.Anyway we are confident that we will find it.Its a large aircraft so that it shouldnt be difficult to find it.How much countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search team from 3 countries starting to
37、search.It s a big area to search, so can you give an estimate about how long it will take.Yes, its a big area so it might take a long time. But we wont give up. We will search it till we find it.Have they found the wreckage yet.What are you talking about.You know, the airplane that disappeared last
38、year.Oh, yes, now I know what you are referring to. Yes, theyve found some piece of it.What about the black boxes.No, they still havent found the black boxes.It hard to believe that they still dont know what happened.Perhaps theyll never know, especially if they still dont find the black boxes.Whate
39、ver happened to it, there is not good reason why a modern airline is allowed to disappear.I agree with you.6L4 Unit 2-3 Listening 监狱Alcatraz is a small island in San Francisco bay, 1.5 miles from San Francisco. From Alcatraz, you can see the Golden Gate Bridge. A is also famous and is now a major to
40、urist attraction. Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city. Alcatraz has often appeared in movies including escape from Alcatraz, w hich was made in 1979. One reason its famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison. It was designed for prisoner who was causing trouble f
41、or another prisoner, such as trying to escape. It was a maximum security, so escape was almost impossible. The water around it was cold and only very strong prisoners can escape from island to San Francisco.The first group of prisoners arrived in 1934. There were 173 prisoners, including bank robber
42、s and murderers. They came by train from the other prison in the state of Kansas. During that trip, there was heavy security. The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed. Nobody wanted them to escape. The prison was designed to hold up to 336 prisoners. However, the average population was only abo
43、ut 270. Although there wasnotorious inmate such as Al Copen, most of the inmates are no one known.Many were trying to escape from island or were considered to violence. If a man didnt behave at other prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz. At Alcatraz, there wasjust one prison in each prison cell.Pris
44、on life in Alcatraz was highly structured and boring. It was designed for prisoners to follow rules. They had 4 rights, food, clothing, shelter and medical care. Everything else was privilege that had to be earned. Privileges included working, visits from familymembers and access to prison library.
45、There were also activities such as painting and music. Once they showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to another prison to finish his sentence.Alcatrazwas used as a prison for 29 years. During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully. There were 14 escape attempts,
46、involving in 36 prisoners. 23 were caught alive and 3 were shot and killed. 2 men tries to escape twice. 2 were drought and 2 released as missing and resume drought. The most violent escape attempt occurred on May 2, 1946 when 6 prisoners tried to escape. That events are called the battle of Alcatra
47、z.While in use, Alcatraz has some of the most notorious criminals the history, such as Al Capone. Al Capone was a crime boss, who built his career in Chicago. The prison was finished close in 1963. It was closed because it was too expensive to operate.Inmate n.居民 ; 同居者 ; (监狱里的)犯人7L4 Unit 2-3 vocabul
48、ary 统计图表、法律A bar graph uses rectangle bars in different length to show and compare data. The lengths of a bar are proportional to values they represents. The bar can be vertical, up and down or horizontal.A circle graph, often called a pie graph, it shapes like a circle. It is divided into segments
49、that looks like piece of a pie. Percentages are often used to compare segments which are ordered from biggest to smallest.Line graph are used to show the relationship between two valuables, such as time and distance. These valuables are plotted to 2 axis, the X axis and the Y axis. The X axis often shows time, while the Y axis shows how quantities such as distance, temperature, pro change with times.A flowchart is a type of graph that shows how process and project flows from the start to finish . A flow chart consists of start points, inputs, outp
