1、Rhetorical Devices,Simile：(明喻),It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.,
2、1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。 eg: My love is like a red red rose.tenor comparative word vehicle,2.句型,（1）.like型 A联系动词（以to be 居多）+like Eg: Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. 生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针实意动词+l
3、ike。 They will never be able to save money to buy a new housethey both spend money like water., as 型 as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此外，还有两个常用句型，即asas和asso。 英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）。例如： (as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石 (as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛 (as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶 (as)
4、mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉 (as) strong as a horse 强壮如牛,虚拟句型 最常见的是as if/though，另外还有其他一些形式。 Eg: He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Vealsquez. 这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一副维拉斯奎兹的油画里跑出来的一样。 The dogs were in full cry, their noses down, their tails up, so close together that might
5、 have been one great yellow and white moving carpet. 那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着尾巴，一条挨一条，看上去就像一块行进的黄白交织的大地毯。,He woke them both up getting to bed, but when they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead. 他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。, what型 A. A is to B what X is to
6、 Y Eg: Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。 Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. 明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。 B What X is to Y, that A is to B. Eg: What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature. 妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一
7、样。,than型A home without love is no more than a body without a soul. 没有爱的家无异于一具没有灵魂的躯体。 Man can not help craving for expression any more than birds can help singing. 人之不能舒其襟怀，亦犹鸟之不能啭其歌喉。,and型 这是一种特殊的明喻句，常见于英语谚语。其中and的作用相当于like. Eg: A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled. 说出的话犹如抛出的石，是收不回的。 Love a
8、nd cough can not be hid. 恋爱如同咳嗽，难逃他人耳目。 Words and feathers are tossed by the wind. 言语如羽毛，风刮到处飘。Truth and roses have thorns about them. 真理如玫瑰，全身都带刺。King and bears often worry their keepers. 国王跟熊一样，总使照料者坐立不安。,Seem Likento Life has often been likened to a journey. Compareto Shakespeare compared the wor
9、ld to a stage.,Metaphor,Metaphor：(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。 英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段
10、落。以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式：,名词型 最常见的句式是“甲是乙”，喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。 All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned. 金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。,动词型 The boy wolfed down the food the moment he g
11、rabbed it. 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。 Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested 。 书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。,形容词型 She has a photographic memory for detail. 她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。 The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship. 山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘航船。,-of短语型 The tree of liberty must be
12、 refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure. 自由之树需要爱国者和暴君的鲜血来浇灌。鲜血是养育自由之树的天然基肥。 A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop. 一位警察招手要我从长蛇般的车流中出来，并招呼我停下。,Metonymy,Metonymy: It is a figure of speech that has to do with the su
13、bstitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. 该修辞故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy的运用基础是联想，两个相互借代的事物必然紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。,以事物的特征代替事物本身 A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breast. 千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。 以工具代替动作或行为者 A hundred bayonets were marching down the stree
14、t. 100把刺刀正沿街前进。 以容器代替其中内容。 Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle. 每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就会喝得酩酊大醉。,以人体器官代替其功能 The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour. 有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。 She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful. 她有审美眼光。 以作者或生产者代替作品或产品 The captainhad fallen in po
15、ssession of a complete Shakespeare. 船长得到了一整套的莎士比亚作品。 We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特到海得公园去。,以抽象事物代替具体事物 In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit. 在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人以事物活动的处所代替事物或活动者 She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to
16、 teach. 她是一位年迈的歌剧演员，现已退出舞台从事教学。,地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机构。如： Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汗宫，英国皇室) 等等。,Synecdoche,Note: Synecdoche can easily be mistaken for metonymy Synecdoche (提喻) It is involves th
17、e substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. In another word , a part is made to represent the whole, or vise versa. For instance, they say theres bread for all. She was dressed in silks.,Walls have ears. During my stay in Rwanda, when I came across the hungry mouths, big or
18、small, I felt quite sympathetic and helpless as well. China beat south Korea 3 to 1 at badminton. There sits my animal instead of “dog“ guarding the door to the henhouse. At dinner, I would have some grape.,Personification,Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and
19、personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 把物比喻成人。在修辞学上，拟人法是指把非人的东西(如动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等)当作人来描写，并赋予它们以人的特性、外表及活动方式等。,.Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him. 懒惰缓慢而行，贫穷迎头赶上。 .Liquor talks migh
20、ty loud when it gets loose from the jug. 酒一从酒壶里溜出来就会大言不惭。 .It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion. 当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊要通过赞成素食主义的决议案也是无济于事的。,.Mosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations. 蚊子把我的脚脖子当作了加油站。 .A lie can t
21、ravel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.( Mark Twain) 当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。,Transferred Epithet,Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词) It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to
22、another to which it does not really apply or belong.,An expensive failure can be made into an asset if you have learnt from it, but Monsanto still has some learning to do.1. 只要你能从中吸取教训，一个昂贵的失败可以变成一笔财富。不过，曼山托公司依然需要对教训予以总结。2. 失败的代价虽然昂贵，然而只要你能从中吸取教训，它也能化成一笔财富。不过，曼山托公司依然需要对教训予以总结。,I buried my head under
23、 the miserable sheet and rug, and cried like a child.1. 我把头埋在悲惨的被单和毯子下面，像孩子样哭了起来。2. 我非常难过，一头扎进被单和毯子，像孩子一样哭了起来。,The old man lay all night on his sleepless bed.1. 老人整夜躺在那不眠的床上。2. 老人躺在床上，彻夜未眠。,Hyperbole,Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. 特点是对表
24、达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。,His eloquence would split rocks! 他的雄辩之威之利，能劈磐石。 It is the last straw that breaks the camels back. 骆驼能负载过重，加根草就能压死。,This made him roar like a thousand bulls. 这使他像千牛怒吼一般咆哮起来。 One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. 一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。 I loved Ophelia: forty tho
25、usand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love make up my sum. 我爱奥菲利娅：40000个兄弟的爱合起来，还抵不过我对她的爱。,在英语里，用词汇手段夸张往往不限于一类词，而是数类并用进行渲染，造成极度夸张的意境。例如： And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry, O I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o life shall run. (Rebert Burns) 亲
26、爱的，我将永远爱你， 直到海水全枯竭， 太阳熔化了岩石； 亲爱的，我将永远把你爱，只要我还有一息。,Oxymoron,Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰) It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos and proud humility.,英语Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）是一种比较特殊的修辞格，其用法是将意义相反或看似矛盾的词
27、语巧妙地搭配在一起，使之构成修饰关系，借以揭示和强调事物内部或之间的矛盾性和复杂性。Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）的运用往往产生一种乍看不合逻辑、令人惊讶，细想却自有道理、耐人寻味的效果。,从构成方式看，Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）可归纳为以下九类： （1）形容词+名词 proud humility 不亢不卑 painful pleasure 悲喜交加 a thunderous silence （此时）无声胜有声 a cheerful pessimist 纵情享乐的厌世者 （2）形容词+形容词 bitter-sweet memories 苦甜参半的回忆 poor rich guys 精神贫穷的富
28、人 bad good news 既坏又好的消息 a miserable, merry Christmas 又悲又喜的圣诞节,（3）副词+形容词 falsely true 虚伪的诚实 conspicuously absent 引人注目的缺席 a wisely stupid idea 自作聪明的糊涂主意 a mercifully fatal blow 仁慈为怀的致命打击 （4）名词+名词 a love-hate relationship 既爱又恨的关系 a life-and-death struggle 生死攸关的搏斗,（5）副词+现在分词 changeless changing 既始终如一，又变
29、化多端 deliciously aching 既令人愉悦，又使人痛苦 （6）现在分词+名词 speaking silence 千言万语的静默 loving hate 亲亲热热的怨恨,（7）动词+副词 shine darkly 暗淡地发光 die merrily 快乐地死去 hasten showly 慢慢地快起来 （8）过去分词+名词 a vanquished victor 被征服的胜利者 long-lived death 永生的死亡 a disillusioned hopeful 仍抱希望的失望者 （9）of结构 the feather of lead 铅铸的羽毛 mis-shapen ch
30、aos of well-seeming forms 整齐的混乱,Euphemism,Euphemism: (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to “die“ as “ pass away“.Euphemism（委婉）， 以文雅、悦耳或温婉来代替粗野、刺耳或直露。借助语音、语法、词汇，表达生活中使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或
31、令人恐惧的事物。,疾病 Look off colour（气色不好，指身体有病） under the weather（在恶劣天气条件下，指健康欠佳） not all there（神志不清，实指患精神病） long illness（久病，实指癌症） social disease（实指艾滋病）。 替代illness或disease婉称疾病的词有condition, disorder, problem, trouble等。,残疾 Disabled（丧失能力的） handicapped（受到障碍的）， ,inconvenienced（行动不便的）, hard of hearing（听觉困难的）， aud
32、itory-impaired（听觉损伤的）表示“耳聋的“； sight-deprived（被剥夺视力的） visually retarded（视力上有障碍的）指“失明”。,衰老 “衰老”的委婉说法 Advanced in age（年岁上先行的） past ones prime（已过壮年） feel one age（感觉上了年纪） golden age（金色岁月） sunset years（日落之年） 表示“老人” senior citizen（资深的公民）， the longer living（生活经历较长者）。,.死亡 多达上百条。如，go west（西去），be at rest（安息），b
33、e asleep in the Arms of God（安睡在上帝的怀抱中），go the way of all flesh（走众生之路），join ones ancestors（加入祖先的行列），return to dust（归之尘土），breathe ones last（作最后一次呼吸），pass away（离去），run ones race（跑完自己的赛程），be no longer with us（与我们永别了）。,More Examples,And , it being low water, he went out with the tide.(Charles Dickens,Dav
34、idcopperfield) 正是退潮的时候，他跟潮水一道走了。（溺水而死） If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you .（Oscar Wilde） 如果你愿意的话，我去给你叫辆车。（下逐客令）,Irony,Irony: (反语) It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of the
35、ir usual sense.,We are lucky. Its the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel real good. 我们很幸运。12月13日到彼岸。那使我们觉得真愉快 *13对西方人来说是个不吉利的数字，但恰好是在这天，作者他们奉命在太平洋彼岸的越南登陆参战。本是倒霉，却说“幸运”；本是惶恐不安，却说“真愉快”，这表现了作者的自嘲。,He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius yo
36、u could be sure hed water it. 他是一个了不起的老师，如果他发现了一点天才的火花，你可以相信他一定会把它浇灭。 *将学生中冒出的天才火花加以浇灭者被称为“了不起的教师”，无疑是对他的莫大讽刺。,Chivalry: going about releasing beautiful maidens from other mens castle, and taking them to your own castle. 骑士作风到处在别人的城堡里把漂亮的姑娘们解救出来，然后把她们带回自己的城堡里来。 *通过Irony的运用，作者将所谓的“骑士作风”的虚伪性揭露无遗。,Sarc
37、asm,Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. Sarcasm指用尖酸刻薄的话对个人的缺点、过失、社会的丑恶现象或黑暗面进行讥讽、挖苦,常是有意地伤害他人的感情,所以常含有较强的贬义。,My friend the attorney-general says that John Scopes knows wha
38、t he is here for,“ Darrow drawled. “I know what he is here for, too. He is here because ignorance and bigotry(顽固) are rampant, and it is a mighty strong combination. There is some doubt about that.,Pun,Pun: (双关语)It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance,
39、a cannon-ball(炮弹) took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here “arms“ has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.) ,双关的构成需要两个基本条件，即双重情境(double context)和多义词或同音异义词。其构成方式主要有： （1）同音异义词构成的双关 You earn your living and you urn your dead. 人们谋求生计，火化死者。 *Earn与urn同音异义，用在一起显得俏皮，别有趣味。 （2
40、）同形同音异义词构成的双关 To England will I steal, and there Ill steal. (William Shakespeare: Henry V) 我要偷偷溜回英格兰，上那儿偷去。 *动词steal 重复使用，前者为“潜行”之义，后者为“偷窃”之义，构成双关，表达幽默。,Policeman: What made you think that you could park your car there?Tourist：Well, there was a big sign that read: “Fine for Parking”. 警察：你怎么想到了把车停在那里
41、？ 游客：噢，那里有个牌子，上面写着：适于泊车！（注：英语中的fine既有“好”的意思，也可表示“罚款”。）,Anticlimax,Anticlimax : (突降) It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. Anticlimax又称Bathos,其汉语译名除“突降”外，还有“渐降” 。这是正与
42、climax相反的一种修辞手法，指在说话或写作时内容急转直下，突然从庄严崇高降至平庸可笑，籍以取得嘲弄讥讽或幽默滑稽的修辞效果,We had plenty of company in the way of wagon-loads and muleloads of tourists and the dust. (Mark Twain: A Tramp Abroad) 我们的旅伴很多，有载客的马车，有当作坐骑的骡子还有滚滚尘土。 *作者将旅途上扬起的尘埃视为旅伴之一，与乘马车或骑骡子的游客相提并论，表现了他的幽默感。,A woman who could face the very devil hi
43、mselfor a mouseloses her grip and goes all to pieces in front of a flash of lightning. (Mark Twain) 一个碰到魔鬼或是老鼠都不害怕的女人，在闪电面前她就沉不住气，吓得魂不附体了。,The explosion completely destroyed a church, two houses, and a flowerpot. 这起爆炸事故彻底毁坏了一个教堂、两所房屋和一个花盆。 *区区一只花盆竟与一个教堂和两所房屋相提并论，让人感到滑稽可笑。,He has been a doctor a year
44、 now and has had two patientsno three, I think yes, it was three; I attended their funerals. 他行医迄今已有一年了，曾看过两个病人不，三个，我想对了，那是三个，我参加过他们的葬礼嘛。,Allusion,A brief reference, explicit or indirect, to a person, place or event, or to another literary work or passage 英语Allusion指人们在口头或书面表达时引用出自神话、童话、传说、寓言、民俗、宗教、
45、文学名著的带典故性的词语，并使之与叙述或论说融为一体。适当运用Allusion可做到事出有典，言之有据，使表达简洁、凝练、精辟、生动，从而增强说服力与感染力。,从史料来源看，Allusion（引喻）大致可分为以下四种： (1)出自神话、童话、寓言、传说的典故 英语中的神话引用史料首推希腊与罗马神话，其次还有天方夜潭等。常供引用的寓言史料主要是伊索寓言，童话则有安徒生童话和格林童话。 （2）出自宗教文献与民间习俗的典故在这方面引用最多的当数圣经，它为英语语言贡献了大量成语、典故。 （3）出自小说、戏剧等文学作品的典故 （4）出自历史事件及历史人物的典故,1. What will it be wh
46、en the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop?Here is the vulnerable place the heel of Achilles for capitalistic production. 要是每年的生产完全停止增长情形又将怎样呢? 这正是资本主义生产易受伤害的地方它是阿基里斯之踵。 the heel of Achilles: Greek Mythology, Trojan War 出自希腊神话阿基里斯出世时被其母握脚踵倒浸于冥河水里因而浑身刀箭不入。但在特洛伊战争中他因脚踵中箭而亡因为他母亲
47、手握之处未沾过河水故成了他的致命弱点。 喻指 “致命的弱点 ”。,2. Book is a vehicle of learning and enlightenment an open sesame to countless joys and sorrows. 书籍是传播知识、启迪智慧的工具是开启无穷的欢乐与悲愁之门的秘诀。open sesame: Arabian Nights 喻指“秘诀”、“关键 引自天方夜谭中的故事 “阿里巴巴与四十大盗” 。,3. Either complete frankness: or complete ignoring-and that meant living w
48、ith the sword of Damocles above his head！（ John Galsworthy: The White Monkey ） 要么全部摊出来要么完全装糊涂-而这意味着像达摩克里斯那样头上悬着一根头发系着宝剑生活。the sword of Damocles 达摩克利斯剑喻指临头的危险。相传叙拉古暴君迪奥尼修斯Dionysius邀达摩克利斯饮宴时在达摩克利斯的头顶上方悬一出鞘之剑。出自希腊、罗马民间传说,Research, from being the Cinderella of industry, would become its favored child. T
49、heir new constitution was a fig leaf to conceal their betrayal of the masses.圣经中亚当和夏娃用以遮羞的无花果树的叶子,Parallelism,英语中Parallelism是并列使用两个或两个以上结构和功能相同的单词、短语或句子来表达相似、相关或相连的事物。 Parallelism广泛见于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、演讲中。其基本用法是将结构相同或类似、意义相关或并重、语气前后一致的语言成分平行并列在一起。Parallelism（具有结构整齐、节奏鲜明、表达简练、语义突出的特点，能有效得增强语势，表达强烈的感情，说明深刻的道理。,
