1、淘金高阶英语四级 100 条长难句.txt-两个人同时犯了错，站出来承担的那一方叫宽容，另一方欠下的债，早晚都要还。-不爱就不爱,别他妈的说我们合不来。www.TopwayE www.TopwayE第一章定语从句第一节常见考点突破一、定语从句的概念定语从句就是修饰主句里的名词或代词的从句袁本质上相当于野形容词冶遥二、定语从句的类型定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句遥大多数定语从句都对所修饰的名词或代词加以限制袁去掉该从句后先行词将意义不全或失去意义遥而非限制性定语从句的作用在于补充袁翻译时常常另起一个句子袁与主句构成并列句遥例如院 That 蒺 s the same man that
2、 asked for help the day before yesterday.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not bealtogether elevating but is hardly poisonous.三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别1. 同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似袁它们之前都有先行词袁但与先行词的关系有所不同院同位语从句与先行词同位或等同袁定语从句与先行词则是修饰关系遥 2. 在定语从句中袁关系词要代替先行词在从句中作适当的句子成分曰而同位语从句的引导词则只起引导作用袁没有代
3、替前面名词在从句中作句子成分的作用遥试比较以下两个句子院 The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.渊同位语从句冤 The fact that you are talking about is important. 渊定语从句冤第二节阅读真题难句荟萃1. Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren 蒺 t comparable fabricsthat can just replace what you 蒺 re doing and what yo
4、ur customers are used to.(09.6 Passage 1)分析主干院 Most designers are finding.finding 后是省略连接词 that 的宾语从句遥该从句是 there be 句型袁其主语comparable fabrics 后有一个 that 引导的限制性定语从句直到句末遥该定语从句的谓语动词 replace 带了两个由 and 连接的并列的宾语从句袁都用 what 引导遥译文大多数现有品牌设计师都发现袁找不到满意的有机布料来取代现在使用的尧顾客已经习惯了的布料遥2. Todd Park, a local detective, said
5、the method has helped him learn moreabout an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.(09.6 Passage 2)分析主干院 Todd Park, a local detective, said.淤 said 之后的内容是个省略引导词 that 的宾语从句遥于 whose skeleton.是个定语从句袁修饰 an. woman 遥译文当地的一名侦探 Todd Park 说袁这个方法帮他了解到有关一位身份不明的女性死者的更多信息袁其尸骨是在大盐湖附近被发现的
6、遥3. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50 鄄 year 鄄 old man who had delayed doinganything about his smoker 蒺 s cough for a year. (08.12 Passage 1)分析主干院 Gullotta saw a man.淤 who 引导的定语从句修饰 a. man 遥于本句是肯定陈述句袁却用了 doinganything 而不是 doing something 袁语义上有所强调遥译文两个月以前格洛塔为一位 50 岁的男士看病袁这名男士吸烟咳嗽已有一年袁但期间他没有采取任何措施袁以致于延
7、误了治疗遥4. The digital bread crumbs (碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers toreconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. (08.6 Passage 2)分析主干院 The crumbs make it easy to reconstruct.you leave everywhere 是定语从句袁省略了关系代词 that 袁修饰 crumbs 曰 make iteasy for. to do.结构中袁 it 是形式宾语袁真正的
8、宾语是不定式 to reconstruct.是宾语补语袁 for 引导出不定式的逻辑主语 strangers 遥句末由 who, where 和 what 引导的三个名词性从句都是 reconstruct 的宾语遥译文你处处留下的野数字面包碎屑冶很容易让陌生人推想出你是谁袁你在哪里袁你对什么感兴趣遥5. Privacy econom ist Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests that revealpeople will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers
9、 just toget their hands on a pitiful 50 鄄 cents 鄄 off coupon (优惠券). (08.6 Passage 2)分析主干院 Alessandro Acquisti has run a series of tests.Privacy economist 和 Alessandro Acquisti 是同位语遥 tests 后的 that 从句作 tests 的定语袁该从句的谓语动词 reveal 带有一个宾语从句 people will surrender.遥译文隐私经济学家 Alessandro Acquisti 进行了一系列的测试袁这些测
10、试表明人们会透露像社保卡号这样的个人信息袁就只是为了能拿到微不足道的便宜 50 美分的优惠券遥6. There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories aboutwhat it 蒺 s like to work in a field dominated by men. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干院 There was a time.本句是个存在句袁主语 a time 由 when 引导的定语从句修饰遥野 about + what 冶引导的宾语从句构成介词短语袁作 stories 的后置定语遥在该
11、宾语从句中袁 it 是形式主语袁后面的不定式短语 to work.是真正的主语遥 dominated.作 a field 的后置定语遥译文我生活中有那么一段时间人们老是问我袁供职于一个男性占主导地位的领域感觉如何遥7. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to editas you write is what Elbow calls 野 free writing.冶(07.6 Passage 2)分析主干院 The practice. is what.定语从句 that can.修饰主语 t
12、he practice 袁从句中的介词的短语 past your. habits作宾语 you 的补语袁 as you write 引导的时间状语从句修饰 trying to edit 遥 what 引导的表语从句中用了野 call+宾语+补语冶的结构袁 what 是宾语袁 free writing 是补语遥译文这种可以帮助你克服在写作的同时就试图编辑的坏习惯的做法便是 Elbow 所称作的野自由式写作冶遥8. As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shiftingfrom curing disea
13、se to preventing disease 要 especially in terms of changing ourmany unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure toexercise. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院 the focus has been shifting淤句首 As 引导非限制性定语从句袁 As 指代主句所说的内容袁在从句中作 seen 的宾语遥于主句中破折号后的内容是短语介词 in terms of 引导的介词短语作状语袁表示1 2www.Topwa
14、yE www.TopwayE野从噎方面来说冶袁 changing 与前面的 shifting 构成语义再现遥译文正如我们所看到的一样袁我们社会医疗的重心正在从治疗疾病转到预防疾病上来要要特别是要改变我们许多不健康的行为袁比如说不良的饮食习惯尧抽烟尧忽视锻炼遥9. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat verynutritious (有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, whogoes to work every day, b
15、ut is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a fewbeers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has nochest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired.(06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院 Imagine a person.主干部分很简短袁关键是 a person 后面有 5 个 who 引导的定语从句袁使句式变得复杂了遥这 5 个 who 引导
16、的从句都有相似的结构院含两个由 but 连接的谓语袁前后的描述形成鲜明的对比遥这样的排比句式袁加强了语气袁给读者留下深刻印象遥译文想象这么一个人院他体重适中袁但是并没有吃到非常有营养的食物曰他自我感觉还行袁但只是偶尔锻炼一下曰他每天都去上班袁但却不是一个优秀员工曰他大多数晚上在家里喝一点啤酒袁但却并不醉酒驾车曰他没有胸痛的感觉袁血液指数也正常袁但却嗜睡袁并且经常感到疲倦遥10. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someonewho is merely 野 not ill 冶 and someon
17、e who is in excellent health and paysattention to the body 蒺 s special needs. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院 The field has not distinguished (between. and.)主句的谓语用了 distinguish between. and. 的结构袁 and 连接的两个 someone 都用了 who 引导的定语从句予以修饰遥译文传统上袁医学并没有区分一个仅仅是野没有生病冶的人和一个健康状况很好并且注意自己身体特殊需要的人遥这两种类型都被称作野健康冶遥11. In rec
18、ent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply theterms 野 well 冶 and 野 wellness 冶 only to those who are actively striving to maintainand improve their health. (06.12 Passage 2)分析主干院 some health specialists have begun to apply.主句部分,不定式 to apply.用作 begun 的宾语遥 apply. to.表示野把噎应用于噎冶袁句中表示
19、野把 well 和 wellness 这样的词只用来指那些人冶遥 who 引导的定语从句修饰those 遥译文然而袁近些年来袁一些健康专家开始把野健康冶和野健康状况良好冶这样的字眼只使用到那些积极努力去保持并改善自身健康状况的人身上遥12. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellnesscan have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challengesof daily life. (06.12 Passa
20、ge 2)分析主干院 the concept can have a (beneficial impact)句首 by 引导的介词短语表示野方法尧手段冶遥 have a (beneficial) impact on.野对噎有有益的影响冶遥 in which 引导定语从句修饰 the ways 遥译文通过关注健康的生活方式袁野健康冶的理念就能对人们面对日常生活的挑战的方法产生有利的影响遥13. In it (the communications diary) they noted the number of conversations oremail exchanges they had last
21、ing more than 10 minutes, and confessed tohow many lies they told. (06.6 Passage 1)分析主干院 they noted the number., and confessed to how.主句用了两个并列的谓语动词院 noted 和 confessed 遥 or 连接两个名词 conversations和 email exchanges 构成并列结构袁后面有定语从句 they had 和现在分词短语 lastingmore than 10 minutes 修饰遥译文在交流日记中袁他们把长达 10 分钟以上的谈话或者
22、电子邮件交流的次数记录下来袁并且承认了他们说谎的次数遥14. Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first, a global product offers economies ofscale with which local brands cannot compete, and second, consumers in the21st century are drawn to 野 global 冶 as a concept. (06.1 Passage 1)分析主干院 Its strategy rests (on.)主句用了 rest on 短语遥冒号后的
23、 first. and second. 用以解释说明冒号前的 twobeliefs 袁可以看做是该名词短语的同位成分遥 with which 引导定语从句修饰 economiesof scale 渊规模经济冤遥句末的 be drawn to 表示野为噎所吸引冶袁 as a concept 介词短语作global 的后置定语袁野作为概念的全球化冶袁或野全球化概念冶遥译文公司的策略基于两个信念院首先袁全球性的产品能够提供地方品牌无法与之竞争的规模经济曰其次袁 21 世纪的消费者认可野全球冶这个概念遥15. Another method by which people appear to apolo
24、gize without actually doingso is to say 野 I 蒺 m sorry you 蒺 re upset 冶; this suggests that you are somehow atfault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done.(06.1 Passage 2)分析主干院 Another method. is to say.; this suggests that.本句是由分号间隔的两个分句构成的并列句遥前一分句中袁 by which 引导定语从句袁修饰主语
25、 another method 袁不定式 to say 作表语袁引号里的直接引语作 say 的宾语遥后一分句中袁 that 引导的从句作 suggests 的宾语遥译文另外一种表面上看似乎是在道歉袁而实际上并没有道歉的做法是说野你感到委屈袁我很抱歉冶袁这表明袁如果因为别人所做的事情而让你自己感到委屈的话袁那么你多多少少是有过错的遥16. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity ofidentifying a specific act that was particularly hur
26、tful or insulting, and whichthe person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. (06.1 Passage 2)分析主干院 there is the apology这句话用的是 there be 句型袁主干部分容易理解遥主语 apology 带了多个修饰语袁包括前置修饰语 general 和 all covering 袁后置修饰语是一个 which 引导的非限制性定语从句遥在该定语从句中袁介词 of+动名词短语 identifying. 作定语袁修饰 the necessity 曰 iden
27、tifying 的宾语 a specific act 后面带了两个定语从句袁一个是由 that 引导袁另一个是由 which 引导袁这两个定语从句用 and 并列连接遥 which 引导的定语从句中袁主语 theperson 也另外带有一个 who 引导的定语从句遥译文然后还有一种泛泛的无所不包的道歉袁这种道歉避免了指明特别让人伤心尧特别令人委屈的袁道歉者应该保证不会再犯的具体行为遥17. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player 蒺 s3 4www.TopwayE www.TopwayEre
28、quest for a time out for a glove change because he did not consider themwet enough. (05.6 Passage 1)分析主干院 I recall an incident.句子的宾语 an incident 后面有两个修饰语袁一个是介词词组 in a handballgame 袁一个是 when 引导的定语从句渊不是时间状语从句浴冤遥 when 引导的定语从句中袁有一个 because 引导的原因状语从句曰注意袁从句的宾语 them 是指 gloves 遥译文我回想起在一次手球比赛中发生的事情袁一个球员曾一度要求
29、到场外更换手套袁但是裁判员认为他的手套没有湿到必须更换的程度袁所以拒绝了他遥第二章状语从句第一节常见考点突破一、状语从句的概念如果一个从句的功能相当于副词袁修饰动词尧形容词或整个句子袁用作状语袁那么该从句就是状语从句遥状语从句由连词引导袁多表示某动作发生的背景尧时间尧地点尧原因等遥二、状语从句的 9 种常见类型常见的状语从句有 9 种袁每种状语从句各有其引导词袁具体可分为院时间尧地点尧条件尧原因尧目的尧结果尧让步尧方式尧比较状语从句遥 1. 时间状语从句淤引导时间状语从句的连词有 when, whenever, while, as, till, until, since, after等遥于注意
30、 as, when, while 的用法区别遥 as 强调时间上的野一先一后冶袁野同一时间冶袁或野随着冶之义曰 when 则强调某个特定的时间曰 while 表示的时间不是一点袁而是一段遥 2. 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的连词或复合连词有 because, since, as, for the reason that, inthat 等袁其中 because 表示原因的语气最重袁 as 和 since 所表示的原因则常常是人们知道的遥 3. 让步状语从句淤让步状语从句的引导词有院 although, though, even if, in spite of the fact,whereas
31、, while, for all (that)等遥于注意 even if 与 even though 的区别院 even if 意为野即使冶袁表述的内容不一定为即成事实曰 even though 则表示野尽管冶袁即尽管有什么样的事实存在遥试比较以下两个句子院 Even though he knows it, he 蒺 ll not let out the secret.渊他知道这个秘密遥冤 Even if he knows it, he 蒺 ll not let out the secret.渊不确定他是否知道这个秘密遥冤 4. 条件状语从句淤条件状语的引导词有院 if 渊如果冤, unles
32、s 渊除非袁如果不冤, suppose 渊假设袁假定冤, incase (that)渊如果袁假使曰以防万一冤, in the event (that)渊万一袁倘若冤等遥于两种条件句院 a. 真实条件句袁表示现实的或可能会变为现实的条件袁用直陈语气遥例如院 If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.b. 非真实条件句袁表示非现实的或不大可能会变为现实的条件袁常用虚拟语气遥例如院 If I were you, I would leave now.5. 目的状语从句淤目的状语从句可由下列引导词引导院 so that, so
33、, in order that, in case, lest 等遥于 lest 和 in case 表示的目的是一种带有否定意义的目的袁意为野以防冶遥例如院He cut the remark out of the final programme lest it should offend the listeners.6. 结果状语从句结果状语从句的引导词有院 that, so (that), such that, with the result that, such that等遥例如院 She sat behind me so that I could not see the expressi
34、on on her face.7. 比较状语从句比较状语从句的引导词有院 as. as, the same as, such. as 袁 than 等遥例如院 Jack runs as fast as Mike does.8. 方式状语从句方式状语从句可由下列引导词引导院 as, as if, as though, the way, how 等遥例如院She closed her eyes as though she were tired.9. 地点状语从句地点状语从句可由下列引导词引导院 where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere 等遥例如院 Put in a
35、rticles where it is necessary in the following passages.第二节阅读真题难句荟萃时间状语从句18. In 2003, w hen Cambridge University appointed Alison Richard, anotherformer Yale provost, as its vice 鄄 chancellor, the university publicly stressed thatin her previous job she had overseen (监督) 野 a major strengthening of Y
36、ale 蒺 sfinancial position.冶(09.12 Passage 2)分析主干院 the university stressed that.淤 when 引导时间状语从句袁修饰谓语动词 stressed 袁野剑桥任命 Alison 的时候公开强调说噎冶遥有人认为 when 引导定语从句修饰 2003 袁不妥袁因为野任命冶是瞬间动作动词袁而 In 2003 是延续性时间遥于 that 引导的从句作 stressed 的宾语遥 oversee 常用人或项目作其宾语袁表示野监督尧监管冶袁句中用 a major strengthening 作其宾语遥译文 2003 年袁当剑桥大学任命
37、耶鲁大学另一名前教务长艾莉森窑理查德为副校长时袁就公开强调艾莉森在耶鲁任职期间成功地使野耶鲁的财力大大增强冶遥19. For example, when the board of the University of Colorado searched for anew president, it wanted a leader familiar with the state government, amajor source of the university 蒺 s budget. (09.12 Passage 2)分析主干院 it wanted a leader.when 引导时间状语从句
38、遥 familiar with.是形容词短语袁作定语时放在中心词 aleader 后面曰 a major source 是 the state government 的同位语遥译文例如袁科罗拉多大学校董事会招募新校长时袁他们想要和州政府熟识的人袁因为州政府是该校主要的经费来源遥20. Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, she蒺 son the hunt for 野 cute stuff that isn 蒺 t too expensive.冶(09.6 Passage 1)分析主干院 s
39、he finds little time (to shop) and. she 蒺 s on the hunt (for.)本句较短袁却同时包含了并列结构和主从复合结构遥连词 and 连接两个并列的分句遥第二个分句带有一个 when 引导的时间状语从句遥译文和大多数消费者一样袁她平时很少有时间逛街购物袁即便是她有空去逛的时候袁也只是淘一淘野物美价廉的东西冶遥21. They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and theythink, 野 Geez, if it could happen to him, .冶(0
40、8.12 Passage 1)分析主干院 They only come in5 6www.TopwayE www.TopwayE淤 when 引导时间状语从句袁而且引导两个并列的从句院 a friend drops dead.以及they think.遥引号中的是直接引语袁作 think 的宾语遥于本句在理解上的一个难点是袁they think 究竟是与 they come in 并列还是与 a friend drops dead 并列遥从语言形式上看袁两种理解都可以曰但从语义逻辑上看袁应该是野他们只有在想到噎的时候才来冶袁把they think 归到时间状语从句中更合理遥译文只有当一位朋友在
41、高尔夫球场猝死时袁他们才来看医生遥他们会想到院野哎呀袁如果这样的事能发生在他身上袁噎冶22. Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercelyon my behalf and all womankind. (07.6 Passage 1)分析主干院 I would fight.when 引导时间状语从句遥本句理解上的难点不在语法结构袁而在语言本身所
42、表达的内容遥 was pushed into.表明作者不是主动参与这类争论的曰 an argument on.野在噎方面的争论冶曰 on my behalf 野代表我自己袁为我自己遥冶译文有时候袁当我与别人争论左脑与右脑的问题袁或者是先天天赋与后天培育的问题时袁我会马上站在我的立场以及所有女性同胞的立场上给予狠狠的反驳遥23. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come out from the shadows andlet themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. (07.
43、6 Passage 2)分析主干院 the ideas will come out and let themselves be captured.句首的 as 引导时间状语从句遥主句部分是复合谓语袁有两个由 and 连接的并列谓语遥译文随着话语开始流淌袁思想也会逐渐明朗化袁使自己呈现在你的笔记本或者屏幕上遥24. While she awaits the outcome, the government has granted her permission towork here and she has returned to her job at Ben havingthe answers r
44、eady will be of great help.于动名词作表语遥例如院 Her job was washing clothes.盂动名词作宾语遥例如院 I avoid telling Jane the truth because I knew she wouldbe angry.榆动名词作定语遥试比较院 A sleeping car 渊表示野卧铺车冶袁 sleeping 表示 car 的功能袁动名词作定语遥冤 A sleeping dog 渊表示野睡觉的狗冶袁 sleeping 是 dog 的动作袁现在分词作定语遥冤第二节阅读真题难句荟萃分词34. Organized by the Ne
45、w York 鄄 based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspiredmany top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. (09.6Passage 1)分析主干院 the show inspired designers本句是简单句遥过去分词短语 Organized by.在句中作状语袁用以补充说明主语的背景信息遥谓语部分用了 inspire sb. to do 结构袁不定式短语 to work with.是宾语补足语遥译文这次时装秀由总部位于纽约的非盈利组织 E
46、arth Pledge 主办袁激发了许多顶尖设计师第一次使用不破坏生态平衡的布料设计时装遥35. This week Wal 鄄 Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helpingcotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (过渡型的) cotton at higherprices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (09.6Passage 1)分析主干院 Wal 鄄 M
47、art is set to announce a (major) initiative: it will buy (transitional)cotton.淤本句冒号后的内容是对前文 initiative 的详细阐述袁相当于一个同位语从句遥于冒号前的分句中袁谓语动词用了 be set to do 结构遥过去分词短语 aimed to.是initiatives 的后置定语袁相当于一个定语从句遥盂冒号后的分句中袁结构简单遥其中helping to.是现在分词短语袁作谓语动词 buy 的状语袁表示目的遥9 10www.TopwayE www.TopwayE译文本周沃尔玛超市准备出台一项重大举措袁目的
48、在于帮助棉农种植有机棉院沃尔玛将以更高的价格收购过渡型的棉花袁以此帮助扩大一种重要有机原材料的供应遥36. Telling myself that I was merely an experienced writer guiding the youngwriter across the hall, I offered suggestions for characters, conflicts andendings for her tales. (07.12 Passage 2)分析主干院 I offered suggestions (for.)句首的 Telling 是现在分词袁作状语袁表示伴
49、随动作曰它带了一个宾语从句袁从句的表语 writer 后接了一个作定语的现在分词 guiding.遥主句部分的介词 for 带有三个名词作宾语袁与 suggestion 连用袁表示野对噎的建议冶遥译文我对自己说袁我只是一个有经验的作家袁在指导身边的一位年轻作家遥我对她的那些故事中的人物尧冲突及结局提出建议遥37. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that becausedeception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailingwould make it easier to lie. (06.6 Passage 1)分析主干院 Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars.不定式 to be the biggest liars 在句中作宾语 emailers 的补语遥现在分词 reasoning在句中作伴随状语袁 that 引导从句作 reasoning 的宾语遥该宾语从句
